Тема 15. Клинические методы обследования больногоCLINICAL METHODS OF PATIENT’S EXAMINATION
Задание 1. Запомните произношение следующих слов. Повторяйте их за диктором:
1. symptom 2. auscultation 3. palpation 4. percussion 5. crepitation 6. hypertension 7. hypotension 8. tonometer 9. cytologic 10. allergy test 11. Mantoux’s test 12. tuberculosis 13. roentgenologic 14. ultrasound 15. biopsy Задание 2. Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания. Повторяйте их за диктором: 1. method of examination метод осмотра, обследования 2. clinical examination клиническое обследование 3. physical examination физикальное обследование 4. treatment лечение 5. to make diagnosis поставить диагноз 6. cause of a disease причина заболевания 7. to reveal обнаруживать, выявлять 8. complete полный 9. inquiry опрос, расспрашивание 10. inspection осмотр 11. to count pulse rate измерять частоту пульса 12. to measure blood pressure измерять артериальное давление 13. X-ray examination рентгеновское исследование 14. laboratory study лабораторное исследование 15. to complain of жаловаться на 16. complaint жалоба 17. onset начало, приступ (заболевания) 18. past history анамнез перенесенных заболеваний 19. family history семейный анамнез 20. hereditary наследственный 21. disorder расстройство, нарушение 22. immediate relatives близкие родственники 23. to assess, assessment оценить, оценка 24. mental умственный 25. valuable ценный 26. appearance внешний вид 27. build телосложение 28. skin кожа 29. mucous membrane слизистая оболочка 30. tongue язык 31. pupil зрачок 32. salivary gland слюнная железа 33. elasticity упругость 34. rigidity неподвижность 35. outline контур 36. swelling припухлость 37. oedema отек 38. growth новообразование, опухоль 39. heart sound сердечный тон 40. crepitation хруст, крепитирующие звуки 41. râ le хрип (в легких) 42. dullness притупленность (звука) 43. to ascertain установить, выяснить 44. to suffer from страдать от 45.method of investigation метод исследования 46. blood кровь 47. urine моча 48. sputum мокрота 49. bile желчь 50. swab, smear мазок 51. cytologic examination цитологическое исследование 52. allergy аллергия 53. biopsy биопсия 54. specimen образец 55. to specify уточнить 56. tumour опухоль 57. valuable ценный 58. investigation исследование 59. shape очертание, контур 60. internal внутренний 61. patient’s case history история болезни пациента
Задание 3. Прослушайте текст и постарайтесь понять его содержание:
CLINICAL METHODS OF PATIENT’S EXAMINATION Before the treatment of a disease it is necessary to make diagnosis, to determine the cause of the disease, and all symptoms by which it can be revealed. Correct diagnosis must be based on a complete clinical examination of the patient. The usual methods of physical examination which doctors use in daily practice are: inquiry, inspection, auscultation, palpation, percussion, taking the temperature, counting the pulse rate, taking the blood pressure, making X-ray examinations and various laboratory studies. By questioning the patient the doctor learns about his complaints, the onset and duration of present illness. It is important to take a careful past history, family history, to reveal hereditary disorders and causes of death of immediate relatives. Assessment of mental and emotional state of a patient may also give valuable information to the doctor. Inspection is the method by which doctor reveals the appearance of the patient, his build, the state of his skin, mucous membranes, tongue, pupils, etc. Doctor must observe the patient’s hands, feet, shape of the chest. He must palpate lymphatic and salivary glands. By palpation the doctor determines elasticity or rigidity of the abdomen, the outlines or the enlargement of the abdominal organs, swelling, edema and existence of growth. While auscultating the patient, the physician can determine the abnormal heart sounds, crepitations and râ les in the lungs. Percussion reveals dullness of sound and distribution of fluids in the body. The temperature is taken by means of thermometer to ascertain whether the patient has or has no temperature. The blood pressure is measured by means of tonometer to find out whether the patient is suffering from hypertension or hypotension. The patient’s pulse is counted to assess its rate and rhythm. The normal pulse rate is 65-70 beats per minute. In diagnostics of diseases various laboratory and instrumental methods of investigation are applied. The laboratory investigations such as various blood and urine tests, stool studies and sputum, bile examinations may be very informative. Patient’s swabs or smears are taken for cytologic examination. If the patient suffers from any kind of allergy it is necessary to make allergy tests. Mantoux’s test is used to detect the presence of tuberculous infection. Biopsy specimens are taken to specify the character of tumour. Valuable information may be obtained using modern roentgenologic, endoscopic and ultrasound methods of investigation. With the help of these investigations it is possible to determine position, shape, size, structure and pathology of the internal organs. The methods of instrumental investigations require special preparation of the patients. The results of physical examination, laborаtоry and instrumental investigations аre recorded into the patient’s case history.
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