CAST STONECast stone is a type of 1)_____ material designed to imitate different types of real stone. Created in the middle ages, cast stone is now used throughout modern construction and, with the right ingredients, can 2) _____ a wide variety of real 3) _____ at a reduced cost and with greater strength. Cast stone is both strong and highly customizable. While the 4) _____ingredient of most cast stone is Portland cement, makers add a variety of other 5) _____, including sand, various grains of other minerals and even 6) _____ pigments to change the color. As a result, cast stone can be made to resemble limestone, granite, quartz, blue stone, marble and many other types of real stone at a more affordable price. It can even replace brick or be 7) _____ into a brick pattern that looks authentic but lasts longer than real bricks. This makes cast stone a versatile substance that can be used throughout a building. Cast stone should not be confused with architectural 8) _____concrete. They are used for similar projects, but the purpose of cast stone is to 9) _____or function as a type of real stone, while precast concrete is always concrete gray and made of similar materials. Precast concrete is a more affordable option, especially when 10) _____ the outside of houses or buildings in which there is no need to replicate the look of a particular type of stone.
10 Fill in the gaps with derivatives of the words in capitals:
11 Fill in the gaps in the following passage with a suitable preposition given below: Granite is a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, felsic, igneous rock. Granite has a medium to coarse texture, occasionally 1) _____ some individual crystals larger than the groundmass forming a rock known as porphyry. Granites can be pink 2) _____ dark gray or even black, depending 3) _____ their chemistry and mineralogy. Outcrops of granite tend to form tors, and rounded massifs. Granites sometimes occur 4) _____ circular depressions surrounded 5) _____ a range of hills, formed 6) _____ the metamorphic aureole or hornfels. Granite is an igneous rock and is formed 7) _____ magma. Granitic magma has many potential origins but it must intrude other rocks. Most granite intrusions are emplaced 8) _____ depth 9) _____ the crust, usually greater than 1.5 kilometers and 10) _____ 50 km depth within thick continental crust.
12 Puzzle out the crossword:
1. Механик. 2. Часть, элемент. 3. Замок. 4. Мост. 5. Крыша. 6. Площадка. 7. Строить. 8. Бетон. 9. Строительство. 10. Лесоматериал. 11. Пещера.12. Глина. 13. Сплав.14. Городской. 15. Кирпич. 16. Газ. 17. Архитектура. 18. Видоизменение. 19. Цемент. 20. Викторина. 21. Стекольщик. 13 Find and correct 10 mistakes, both spelling and grammar, in each text: a. Most granites are hardly and dense, and thus form high durable building materials, virtually impermeable to water, resistant in impact damage and stable within industrial environments. The appearance of granite is signifi cantly affect by the surface fi nish which may be saw, rough punched, picked, fi ne tooled, honed or polished. It is, however, the highly polished form of granite which are most effective at displaying the intensity of the colours and reflectivity of the cristals. Granite is available for flooring and for hard landscaping including pavings, setts and kerbs. Polish granite is also useing as a kitchen countertop material due to its strengf, durability and high-quality fi nish. b) The use of cast stone begins in the second century in Europa, where it was maked specifically for castles and churches. The molds allowed masons to be much most precise in their sculpting and to repeat the same kreation over and over again. As the centuries pass, cast stone became more popular as a component of manors and mansions, where builders used it to add designs to the corners of builders or to provided a stone sheet to cover brik walls. By the 1900s, cast stone had been using in a variety of construction projects.
14 Audio “Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks”. Listen to the information twice and be ready to answer the questions below (1-12): 1. What types are rocks grouped into? 2. Where does igneous rock form? 3. What is magma? What is the difference between magma and lava? 4. What igneous rock is formed below ground level? 5. Where is basalt formed? 6. What are sediments? 7. How is sedimentary rock formed? 8. How are limestone and chalk appeared? 9. When did carboniferous period exist? 10. What are the perfect conditions for the organisms to form carboniferous limestone? 11. How are sandstone and clay formed? 12. How are marble and slate formed?
15 Watch the video and present the main idea of each episode in 4-5 sentences using the expressions from Appendix 2.
16 a) Read the following passage and underline the parts where the answer to each question is contained: 1. What is quartzite? 2. Is a range of colours wide? What does it depend on? 3. What are its physical characteristics? 4. Why is quartzite widely used as an ornamental stone? 5. What are the examples of dark red quartzite application?
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