Start up

Exercise 2.2.1 Read and translate the text using the word list.

First officer intercom: Hello ground, it’s going to be an auto start on four and three.

Ground engineer intercom: Cleared to start.

The secondary engine indications are displayed on the lower EICAS screen for the start. The air-conditioning packs are selected OFF to ease the load on the APU (auxiliary power unit) which will supply the compressed air needed to spin the engines into action.

Until now, the four Rolls-Royce engines hanging on the wings have been quiet, their front fan blades turning silently in the wind. Now it is time for them to go to work. Harry pulls open the start valves for engines 3 and 4 on the overhead panel, then moves the respective fuel control switches, located behind the throttles, forward to the RUN position. With auto start selected, the electronic controls take over the job of bringing each engine to life. They fill the ramp with the whine of spinning turbines and the smell of hot exhaust. These engines can produce 60, 000 lb (pounds) of thrust apiece. Compressed air from the APU is used to spin a starter turbine which rotates the high-pressure rotor in each engine core. The No.3 rotor spins faster and faster, drawing air into the engine, causing the other compressor blades to turn. When No.3 is spinning at 25% of its maximum rpm and No.2 has reached 10%, fuel is sprayed into the compressed air in the combustion chambers. Igniters spark, setting this potent mixture alight. The superheated gases expand enormously and as they race out of the back of the engine, they pass through a series of turbines which turn the compressor blades, drawing yet more air into the intake.

The electronic engine controls will handle most abnormal conditions, such as a “hot start”, when temperatures might otherwise exceed limits or a “hung start”, when the engine refuses to accelerate to idle speed. The only task for the crew is to monitor the auto start process and confirm a rise in oil pressure in each engine. In less than two minutes, the engines on the right wing are at idle power. The pilots confirm the engine indications are normal. Harry advises, “Auto-starting 1 and 2”. Minutes later, they are up and running as well.

Exercise 2.2.2 Answer the questions.

1. Where are the secondary engine indications displayed?

2. Why are air-conditioning packs selected OFF?

3. What will the APU supply?

4. What for is the compressed air needed?

5. Where are the engines hanging?

6. Why have the front fan blades been turning silently?

7. What does Harry pull open?

8. Does he open the valves for engines No.1 and No.2?

9. What does Harry move forward after that?

10. Where are these control switches located?

11. What job do the electronic controls take over with auto start selected?

12. Why is the ramp filled with the whine?

13. What smell is there in the air?

14. How much power can each of the jumbo’s engines produce?

15. What does a starter turbine do?

16. What causes the other compressor blades to turn?

17. When is fuel sprayed into the combustion chambers?

18. What sets the fuel-and-air mixture alight?

19. Do the superheated gases compress or expand?

20. Do the gases go out of the engines immediately?

21. What do they also do while turning the compressor blades?

22. Which devices can handle the abnormal conditions?

23. Which abnormal conditions are mentioned in the text?

24. What are the main tasks of the crew at this phase of the departure?

25. What do the terms “idle power” and “idle speed” mean?

Exercise 2.2.3 Are the following statements true (√) or false (×)? Correct the false ones.

1. The primary engine indications are displayed on the upper EICAS screen.

2. The air-conditioning packs are selected ON.

3. The auxiliary power unit will supply the compressed air needed to spin the engines into action.

4. The front fan blades of the engines are turning noisily in the wind.

5. Harry pulls open the start valves for engines 3 and 4.

6. The fuel control switches for engines 3 and 4 are located in front of the throttles.

7. Harry moves the fuel control switches back to the RUN position.

8. The electronic controls bring each engine to life.

9. The engines fill the ramp with the whine of spinning turbines and the smell of hot exhaust.

10. The engines can produce 50, 000 pounds of thrust each.

11. Compressed air from the APU is used to ventilate the cabin.

12. The No.3 rotor spins faster and faster, drawing air into the engine,

13. Fuel is sprayed into the compressed air in the combustion chambers when No.2 and No.3 have reached their maximum rpm.

14. Igniters set the air and fuel mixture alight.

15. The superheated gases on their way out pass through a series of turbines which turn the compressor blades drawing more air into the intake.

16. The superheated gases expand enormously and race out of the front of the engine.

17. The electronic engine controls can handle most abnormal conditions, except a “hot start” and a “hung start”.

18. The term “hot start” means the situation when temperatures might reduce below limits.

19. The term “hung start” means the situation when the engine refuses to accelerate to idle speed.

20. The only task for the crew is to monitor the auto start process and confirm a reduction in oil pressure in each engine.

21. In less than five minutes, the engines on the right wing are at idle power.

22. The pilots confirm the engine indications are normal.

23. A few minutes later the engines No.1 and No.2 are up and running.

Exercise 2.2.4 Give English equivalents for the following words and word combinations.

Лопасть вентилятора; камера внутреннего сгорания; перегретый; нештатный; ускорять; установка кондиционирования воздуха; воздухозаборник; клапан; на каждый/ поштучно; брать на себя контроль; вспомогательный пусковой агрегат; дроссель; оживить что-либо; втягивать; внутренний контур двигателя; превышать; расширяться; выхлоп газов; горячий запуск; режим малого газа; число оборотов при малом газе; запальное устройство; мчаться; соответственный; подниматься; вращаться; обороты в минуту; воспламенять что-либо; искра; вращаться вокруг продольной оси; тяга; завывать; распылять/разбрызгивать.

Exercise 2.2.5 What do the following abbreviations stand for?

EICAS RPM OFF APU

Exercise 2.2.6 Find in the text synonyms for the following words and expressions.

Provide; choose; auxiliary; lighten; burden; show; necessary; on fire; overheated; sequence; rush; inlet; swell; make; each; quick; generate; pull; turn; revive; place; corresponding; quicken; may; inform; surpass.

Exercise 2.2.7 Match the word combinations and expressions in column A with those in column B.

A	B
1. compressed air 2. auto start 3. air-conditioning pack 4. fuel control switch 5. bring smth to life 6. start valve 7. abnormal condition 8. hot start 9. hung start 10.idle power 11.combustion chamber 12.compressor blade 13.engine core 14.auxiliary power unit 15.high-pressure rotor	a. лопатка компрессора b. оживить что-либо c. режим малого газа d. зависший запуск e. камера внутреннего сгорания f. установка кондиционир. воздуха g. вспомогат. пусковой агрегат h. внутренний контур двигателя i. переключатель контроля топлива j. нештатная ситуация k. ротор высокого давления l. клапан запуска m. горячий запуск n. автозапуск o. сжатый воздух

Exercise 2.2.8 Fill in the gaps with the words from the text choosing from the ones given in brackets.

1. The secondary engine indications are _____ (printed, displayed, put in) on the lower EICAS screen for the start.

2. The four engines _____ (hanging, switching, moving) on the wings are quiet.

3. Harry moves the fuel control switches forward to the RUN _____ (place, space, position).

4. The _____ (electric, electronic, electrical) controls take over the job of bringing each engine to life.

5. The engines fill the _____ (ramp, hangar, terminal) with the whine of spinning turbines.

6. The engines can _____ (make, manufacture, produce) 60, 000 pounds of thrust apiece.

7. The No.3 rotor _____ (spins, moves, runs) faster and faster.

8. The rotor _____ (lets, makes, causes) the compressor blades to turn.

9. Fuel is ____ (mixed, sprayed, drawn) into the compressed air.

10. The _____ (superheated, supercooled, superfrozen) gases expand enormously.

11. The electronic engine controls _____ (deal, handle, solve) most abnormal conditions.

12. The “hung start” is a condition when the engine refuses to ______ (accelerate, start, stop).

13. The “hot start” is a condition when temperatures may exceed ____ (boundaries, borders, limits).

14. The engines are at _____ (empty, idle, running) power.

15. The pilots _____ (confirm, affirm, verify) the engine indications are normal.

Exercise 2.2.9 Fill in the gaps with the necessary form of the words given in brackets.

1. The ____ engine indications are displayed on the lower EICAS screen. (SECOND)

2. The air- _____ packs are ______ OFF. (CONDITION + SELECT)

3. Harry moves the ______ fuel control switches. (RESPECT)

4. The fuel control switches are _____ behind the throttles. (LOCATE)

5. The engines fill the ramp with the whine of _____ turbines and the smell of hot exhaust. (SPIN)

6. ____ air from the APU is ____ to spin a starter turbine. (COMPRESS + USE)

7. Minutes later, the engines are up and ______. (RUN)

8. The electronic engine controls will handle most _____ conditions. (NORM)

9. The task for the crew is to monitor the auto start process and confirm a rise in oil _____ in each engine. (PRESS)

10. Four Rolls-Royce engines are _____ on the wings. (HANG)

11. The electronic controls take over the job of _____ each engine to life. (BRING)

12. The ground engineer said, “_____ to start”. (CLEAR)

13. The front fan blades are _____ silently in the wind. (TURN)

14. These engines can produce 60, 000 lb (pounds) of thrust _____. (PIECE)

15. The No.3 rotor spins faster and faster, ______ air into the engine, _____ the other compressor blades to turn. (DRAW + CAUSE)

Exercise 2.2.10 In the list below the box find a definition for the given words.

Compressor Confirm Limit Secondary Exceed Air-conditioning pack Crew Blade Igniter Valve Spray Superheated Abnormal

 

1. of less importance, dependant

2. send out liquid in tiny drops

3. a device causing something to catch fire

4. a flat wide part of a fan or a propeller

5. different from what is ordinary or expected

6. a group of people working together on an aircraft

7. heated more than is wanted or needed

8. a machine that compresses air or other gases

9. go beyond what is allowed, necessary or advisable

10. a mechanical device for controlling the flow of air, liquid or gas in one direction only

11. a system controlling humidity and temperature of the air inside the aircraft

12. establish the truth or correctness of something

13. a boundary beyond which something is not allowed to extend

Exercise 2.2.11 Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Показатели работы вспомогательного двигателя отражаются на экране.

2. Установки кондиционирования воздуха отключаются для уменьшения нагрузки на вспомогательную силовую установку.

3. Вспомогательная силовая установка подает сжатый воздух, необходимый, чтобы запустить двигатели.

4. До сих пор четыре двигателя, подвешенные на крыльях, не работали.

5. Передние лопатки вентилятора бесшумно поворачивались на ветру.

6. Гарри открывает клапаны запуска двигателей и передвигает соответствующие топливные переключатели в рабочее положение.

7. Топливные переключатели размещаются позади дросселей.

8. Электронная система управления берет на себя задачу оживления двигателей.

9. Двигатели заполняют перрон завыванием вращающихся турбин и запахом выхлопных газов.

10. Двигатели самолета могут развивать тягу в 60 000 фунтов каждый.

11. Сжатый воздух от вспомогательной силовой установки используется для вращения стартовой турбины.

12. Стартовая турбина вращает ротор высокого давления во внутреннем контуре каждого двигателя

13. Ротор двигателя № 3 вращается все быстрее, затягивая воздух в двигатель и заставляя поворачиваться другие лопатки компрессора.

14. Когда ротор двигателя № 3 вращается со скоростью в 25% от максимального количества оборотов, а ротор двигателя № 2 достигает 10% от этого показателя, топливо впрыскивается в сжатый воздух в камерах внутреннего сгорания.

15. Запальные устройства дают искру, воспламеняя эту мощную смесь.

16. Перегретые газы очень сильно расширяются.

17. Когда перегретые газы вырываются из задней части двигателя, они проходят через ряд турбин, которые вращают лопатки компрессора, затягивая еще больше воздуха во входное отверстие.

18. Электронная система управления двигателем справится с большинством нештатных ситуаций.

19. При так называемом “горячем” запуске температуры могут превысить предельные значения.

20. В ситуации “зависшего” запуска двигатель отказывается ускоряться до режима малого газа.

21. Единственная задача экипажа – это отслеживать процесс автозапуска.

22. Задачей экипажа является также необходимость удостовериться в увеличении давления масла в каждом двигателе.

23. Меньше, чем через две минуты двигатели на правом крыле работают в режиме малого газа.

24. Пилоты убеждаются в том, что показатели работы двигателя нормальные.

25. Гарри сообщает об автозапуске двигателей № 1 и № 2.

26. Еще через несколько минут они включаются и тоже приходят в рабочий режим.

Exercise 2.2.12 Make up your own sentences using the following words and word combinations.

Ease the load on; spin the engines into action; respective; bringing smth to life; compressed air; cause; compressor blades; expand; abnormal conditions; exceed limits; idle power.

Exercise 2.2.13Retell the text.

2.3. After Start Check

Exercise 2.3.1 Read and translate the text using the word list.

With all engines turning, Harry performs the After Start checks. All four hydraulic demand pumps are switched to AUTO; the nacelle anti-ice switches checked set AUTO; aft cargo heat is turned ON; air-conditioning packs are turned back ON; and the EICAS is checked for any unresolved messages. The checklist is read to ensure completion of these vital items.

If icing conditions were present, the anti-ice system would now be turned ON for taxi, take-off and climb-out. When this is done, hot bleed air from the engine compressors is piped to the leading edges of the engine nacelles to melt any ice that may be present and prevent more ice from collecting. After take-off, switches are selected to AUTO and ice detectors located near the nose will sense any build-up of ice on the airframe and turn on the anti-ice automatically. The aircraft also has a wing anti-ice system. When manually selected by the pilots, hot engine air is used to de-ice the leading edges of the wings.

During the engine start, the aircraft has been pushed back on to the broad expanse of tarmac in front of the terminal and turned to face northeast. Ahead is the south parallel runway and beyond that the central terminal complex. The jet stops and the engineer calls:

Ground engineer intercom: “Brakes to park.”

Captain intercom: “Brakes set to park, engines stabilized.”

It takes a few minutes for the ground crew to disconnect the tug. The engineer returns to the intercom and John responds.

Captain intercom: “Hello ground, your clearance please.”

Ground engineer intercom: “All ground equipment cleared, hatches closed, final clearance on your right-hand side.”

Captain intercom: “See you on the right, thank you.”

With that call, the engineer has confirmed that the tug is moving clear and that the jet’s doors and hatches are secure. He walks away from the aircraft and once in clear view of the pilots, stops and makes a final check that the tug has moved away and nothing else is amiss. He then holds up a pin with a red flag flapping from the end. This is the steering lockout pin and it was inserted in the nose wheel assembly to permit the gear to turn freely during pushback. If left in, the pilots would be unable to steer the jet during the taxi to the runway so they need to make certain that it has been removed.

With a final wave, the engineer sends the jet on its way. This is the crew’s cue to set flaps and request taxi clearance. The Captain calls “Select flaps”, and Harry moves the selector to 20°.A flap display appears on the upper EICAS and shows the flaps moving to the desired setting. As they do, the reason for the jumbo’s good airfield performance becomes obvious – the wings get bigger, enabling them to create more lift for take-off. Inboard and outboard triple-slotted flaps extend from the trailing edge of each wing. The front of the wings changes shape as well. The 747 has 28 leading edge flaps. Three Krueger flaps – looking much like a flat panel flaps – deploy from the underside of each wing between the fuselage and inboard engine. Eleven variable camber flaps are located along the rest of the leading edge. Made from fiberglass, they actually curve as they move from their stowed position to provide better lift characteristics. So the leading edge devices extend to increase both the size and camber of the wings to improve lift at slower speeds.

Exercise 2.3.2 Answer the questions.

1. What does Harry do with all engines turning?

2. How many hydraulic demand pumps are there in the aircraft?

3. Which anti-ice switches are set AUTO?

4. Is the heating turned ON in the aft or in the forward cargo compartment?

5. Are the air-conditioning packs still OFF?

6. Why is the EICAS checked?

7. What for is the checklist read?

8. What would be done if icing conditions were present before the departure?

9. What happens to the leading edges of the engine nacelle in such a case?

10. Why is hot bleed air piped there?

11. Where are the ice detectors located?

12. Will these detectors sense any ice on the airframe?

13. Will they turn on the anti-ice system manually or automatically?

14. What happens when the pilots select the wing anti-ice system ON?

15. Where has the aircraft been pushed back during the engine start?

16. Has the 747 turned to face south-west?

17. What is there ahead and behind the tarmac?

18. Who gives the instruction to set brakes?

19. How long does it take to disconnect the tug?

20. What information does the Captain get from the ground engineer?

21. Where does the engineer stop and take a final check?

22. What does he want to be sure of?

23. What does he do then?

24. What sort of pin does he hold up?

25. Why was it inserted in the nose wheel assembly before that?

26. Can the pilots steer the jet to the runway with the steering lockout pin inserted?

27. What is the crew’s turn to do now?

28. What picture appears on the EICAS display?

29. Is it the lower EICAS display again?

30. Where are the flaps moving?

31. Why are the flaps necessary even at this early stage?

32. What kind of flaps are there in the 747?

33. Are the flaps only at the trailing edges of the wings?

34. What do the Krueger flaps look like?

35. Where do they deploy?

36. How many variable camber flaps are located along the leading edges?

37. What are they made of?

38. Do they really curve while moving from their stowed position?

39. Are there also double slotted or triple-slotted flaps at the trailing edges of the wings?

40. Why are there so many different flaps in the 747 jumbo jet?

Exercise 2.3.3 Are the following statements true (√) or false (×)? Correct the false ones.

1. With all engines turning, Harry performs the Pre Start checks.

2. All eight hydraulic demand pumps are switched to AUTO.

3. The aft cargo heat is turned OFF.

4. The EICAS is checked for any resolved messages.

5. The nacelle anti-ice switches checked set AUTO.

6. The checklist is read to ensure completion of the vital items.

7. If icing conditions were not present, the anti-ice system would be turned ON for taxi, take-off and climb-out.

8. Hot bleed air from the engine compressors is piped to the trailing edges of the engine nacelles.

9. It is done to melt any ice that may be present and prevent more ice from collecting.

10. After take-off, switches are selected to AUTO.

11. The ice detectors located near the tail will sense any build-up of ice on the airframe and turn on the anti-ice automatically.

12. The aircraft also has a wing anti-ice system.

13. When automatically selected by the pilots, hot engine air is used to de-ice the leading edges of the wings.

14. During the engine start, the aircraft has been pushed back in front of the terminal and turned to face northwest.

15. Ahead the aircraft is the north parallel runway and beyond that the central terminal complex.

16. The jet stops and the captain reports that the brakes have been set to park and the engines have been stabilized.

17. It takes a long time for the ground crew to disconnect the tug.

18. The engineer reports that all the ground equipment has been cleared, the hatches have been opened and the final clearance is to be expected on the left-hand side.

19. The engineer has confirmed that the tug is moving clear and that the jet’s doors and hatches are secure.

20. The engineer walks away from the aircraft and once in clear view of the pilots, stops and makes a final check that the tug has moved away and nothing else is amiss.

21. Then the engineer holds up a pin with a white flag flapping from the end.

22. This is the steering lockout pin and it was inserted in the nose wheel assembly to permit the gear to turn freely during pushback.

23. If the lockout pin were removed, the pilots would be unable to steer the jet during the taxi to the runway.

24. The crew have to set flaps and request taxi clearance.

25. The Captain calls “Select flaps”, and Harry moves the selector to 20°.

26. A flap display appears on the lower EICAS and shows the flaps moving to the desired setting.

27. The reason for the jumbo’s good airfield performance is obvious – the wings get bigger, enabling them to create more lift for take-off.

28. Inboard and outboard double-slotted flaps extend from the trailing edge of each wing.

29. The front part of the wings doesn’t change its shape.

30. The 747 has 28 trailing edge flaps.

31. Three Krueger flaps deploy from the underside of each wing between the fuselage and inboard engine.

32. Eleven variable camber flaps are located along the rest of the trailing edge.

33. Made from aluminum, the camber flaps actually curve as they move from their stowed position to provide better lift characteristics.

34. The leading edge devices extend to increase both the size and camber of the wings to improve lift at higher speed.

Exercise 2.3.4 Give English equivalents for the following words and word combinations.

Простор; закрылок; плоский; реплика; выдвинуть; развевающийся на ветру; каркас ВС; агрегат; находящийся в задней части ВС; неверный; стравленный воздух; кривизна; неправильный; противообледенительная система постоянного действия; разворачиваться; изгибаться; создавать; контрольный перечень; обогрев грузового отсека; давать возможность; люк; гидронасос; вопрос/ пункт; улучшать; вставить; находящийся у корпуса/ внутренний; передняя кромка крыла; гондола двигателя; отъехать; очевидный; вручную; растопить/ растаять; убирать/ устранять; предотвращать; закрепленный; подводить по трубопроводу; находящийся вдали от корпуса/ внешний; летно-техническая характеристика; бетонная площадка; устройство; желаемый; стопорный палец поворотного хомута (передней стойки шасси); отсоединить; установить закрылок (на определенный угол); отправить в путь; убранное положение; закрепленный.

Exercise 2.3.5 Find in the text synonyms for the following words and expressions.

Do; control; report; load; unsolved; guarantee; conclusion; significant; wide; tip; include; evident; build up; stretch; form; bend; enlarge; make better; feel; accumulation; avert; thaw; blow.

Exercise 2.3.6 Match the word combinations and expressions in column A with those in column B.

A

B

1. checklist 2. steering lockout pin 3. move clear 4. send smth on its way 5. nose wheel assembly 6. hydraulic demand pump 7. performance 8. unresolved message 9. triple-slotted flaps 10.anti-ice system 11.bleed air 12.leading edge 13.stowed position 14.set flaps 15.trailing edge 16.make certain 17.airframe 18.flat panel flap

a. стравленный воздух b. установить закрылки c. противооблед. сист. пост. действия d. задняя кромка крыла e. контрольный перечень f. убранное положение g. передняя кромка крыла h. трехщелевой закрылок i. отправить в путь j. стопорный палец k. летно-техн. характеристика l. узел носового колеса m. гидронасос n. отъехать o. сообщение о нерешен. конфликте p. плоский закрылок q. удостовериться r. корпус ВС

Exercise 2.3.7 Fill in the gaps with the words from the text choosing from the ones given in brackets.

1. With all engines ______ (turning, going, starting) Harry performs the After Start checks.

2. All four hydraulic ______ (oil, fuel, demand) pumps are switched to AUTO.

3. The nacelle anti-ice switches checked ______ (turned, set, switched) AUTO.

4. Air-conditioning ______ (packs, pumps, devices) are turned ON.

5. The checklist is read to ______ (assure, insure, ensure) completion of these vital items.

6. If icing _____ (circumstances, conditions, events) were present, the anti-ice system would now be turned ON.

7. Hot bleed air from the engine compressors is ______ (piped, pressed, let) to the leading edges of the engine nacelles.

8. Hot bleed air from the engine prevents more ice from ________ (collecting, passing, melting).

9. Ice detectors will ______ (feel, sense, notice) any build-up of ice on the airframe.

10. Hot engine air is used to de-ice the leading _____ (edges, parts, portions) of the wings.

11. During the engine start, the aircraft has been _____ (pulled, put, pushed) back.

12. The aircraft is now on the broad expanse of _____ (platform, square, tarmac) in front of the terminal.

13. Brakes are set to park and the engines are _____ (stabilized, running, stopped).

14. It takes a few minutes for the ground crew to _____ (dispose of, deploy, disconnect) the tug.

15. All ground equipment cleared, hatches closed, final ______ (signal, clearance, message) is on the right-hand side.

16. The jet’s doors and hatches are _____ (secure, balanced, connected).

17. The engineer is now in clear _____ (sight, vision, view) of the pilots.

18. He holds up a _____ (pin, stick, lamp) with a red flag.

19. If it were left in, the pilots would be unable to _____ (move, steer, control) the jet during the taxi to the runway.

20. The reason for the jumbo’s good airfield ______ (performance, behavior, taxiing) is obvious.

21. The front of the wings changes _____ (lines, colour, shape) as well.

22. Three Krueger flaps _____ (deploy, turn, extend) from the underside of each wing.

23. Eleven variable camber flaps are _____ (built-in, located, installed) along the rest of the leading edge.

24. Eleven variable camber flaps ____ (increase, reduce, curve) as they move from their position.

25. Eleven variable camber flaps move from their _____ (stowed, hidden, secret) position.

26. The leading edge devices increase both the size and _____ (angle, number, camber) of the wings.

Exercise 2.3.8 Fill in the gaps with the necessary form of the words given in brackets.

1. The nacelle anti-ice switches are _____ set AUTO. (CHECK)

2. The EICAS is checked for any _____ messages. (SOLVE)

3. Hot bleed air prevents more ice from ______. (COLLECT)

4. Ice detectors will turn on the anti-ice _____.(AUTOMATE)

5. Ice detectors are _____ near the nose. (LOCATE)

6. The engineer has _____ that the tug is ______ clear. (CONFIRM +MOVE)

7. The engineer makes a final check that the tug has moved away and nothing else is _____. (MISS)

8. The _____ lockout pin was _____ in the nose wheel assembly. ((STEER+INSERT)

9. The crew request taxi _______. (CLEAR)

10. A flap display shows the flaps moving to the __________ + _________. (DESIRE+SET)

11. The wings get bigger, ___________ them to create more lift. (ABLE)

12. Eleven _______ camber flaps are located along the rest of the leading edge. (VARY)

Exercise 2.3.9 In the list below the box find a definition for the given words.

Demand Bleed air De-ice Push-back Steering lockout pin Fuselage Hatch Clearance Camber Tarmac Flap Fiberglass Runway Leading edge Lift

1. a ramp/ apron

2. the edge of a wing which cuts through the air in normal flight

3. the paved area at an airport provided for the take-off and landing of aircraft

4. hot compressed air taken from the engine

5. a high-lift device on the leading and trailing edge of the wing which changes the shape of the wing and generates more lift

6. material made from glass fibers and resin

7. the curve of a wing from leading edge to trailing edge

8. to require smth; to need

9. the upward force generated at right angles to the airflow by the movement of the wing through the air which supports the aircraft in the air

10. the main body of the aircraft which accommodates the passengers, payload and crew

11. to remove ice and snow from the wings and other surfaces of the aircraft

12. movable cover over an opening in an aircraft

13. a procedure when the aircraft is connected to a tug and pushed backwards off stand before engine start

14. a special thing which disables nose wheel steering for added safety while towing or during push back on the ground

15. a permission from Air Traffic Control for a flight to proceed under specific conditions

Exercise 2.3.10 Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Со всеми работающими двигателями Гарри проводит послезапуско-вую проверку.

2. Все четыре гидронасоса переключаются в положенеие АВТО.

3. Проверяется автоматическая установка переключателей противообледе-нительной системы гондол двигателей.

4. Системы кондиционирования снова включаются.

5. Система EICAS проверяется на наличие нерешенных задач.

6. Читается контрольный перечень, чтобы удостовериться в выполнении этих жизненно важных пунктов.

7. Если бы имело место обледенение, включилась бы противообле-денительная система для этапов руления, взлета и первоначального набора.

8. Когда включена противо-обледенительная система, стравленный воздух от компрессоров двигателя подается по трубопроводу на переднюю кромку гондолы двигателя.

9. Горячий воздух может растопить любой лед, образующийся на передней кромке гондолы двигателя и предотвращает образование нового льда.

10. После взлета переключатели выставляются в положение АВТО.

11. Детекторы льда, расположенные возле носа воздушного судна, улавливают образование льда на планере и автоматически включают противо-обледенительную систему.

12. Воздушное судно имеет также противо-обледенительную систему крыла.

13. Когда пилоты вручную включают эту систему, горячий воздух от двигателя используется для освобождения от льда передних кромок крыла.

14. Во время запуска двигателей самолет был вытолкнут на широкий простор перрона перед аэровокзалом и повернут носом на северо-восток.

15. Перед воздушным судном находится южная параллельная взлетно-посадочная полоса, а за ней комплекс центрального аэровокзала.

16. Когда самолет останавливается, инженер наземной службы командует воздушному судну встать на тормоза.

17. Командир сообщает о постановке ВС на тормоза и стабилизации работы двигателей.

18. Наземная бригада тратит несколько минут на то, чтобы отцепить тягач.

19. Командир ВС просит у инженера наземной службы разрешение на дальнейшие действия.

20. Инженер докладывает, что все наземное оборудование убрано, люки закрыты и что окончательного сигнала следует ожидать с правой стороны.

21. Инженер по системе внутренней связи подтвердил, что тягач отъезжает и что люки заперты.

22. Инженер отходит от воздушного судна в сторону и, находясь на виду у пилотов, останавливается.

23. Командир сообщает в ответ, что видит инженера с правой стороны.

24. Инженер в последний раз проверяет, что тягач отъехал и что ничего не забыто.

25. Он поднимает жезл с красным флажком, трепещущимся на его конце.

26. Это стопорный палец поворотного хомута, который вставлялся в узел носового колеса, чтобы стойка шасси свободно поворачивалась во время буксировки.

27. Если бы он остался на месте, пилоты не могли бы управлять самолетом во время руления на ВПП.

28. Пилотам необходимо удостовериться, что стопорный палец был убран.

29. Дав последнюю отмашку воздушному судну, инженер отправляет его в путь.

30. Теперь экипажу нужно установить закрылки и запросить разрешение на руление.

31. Командир командует установить закрылки, и Гарри передвигает переключатель на 20°.

32. Изображение закрылка появляется на верхнем дисплее системы EICAS и показывает, что закрылки движутся в желаемом направлении.

33. В этот момент становится понятным, почему у самолета хорошие характеристики движения на земле.

34. Крылья увеличиваются в размере, что позволяет им создавать большую подъемную силу для взлета.

35. Внутренние и внешние трех-щелевые закрылки выдвигаются из задней кромки каждого крыла.

36. Передняя часть крыльев также изменяет свою форму.

37. Боинг 747 имеет 28 закрылков на передней кромке крыла.

38. Три Крюгеровских закрылка, похожих на плоские панели, отклоняются от нижней части каждого крыла между фюзеляжем и внутренним двигателем.

39. Одиннадцать закрылков с изменяющейся кривизной расположены на остальной части передней кромки.

40. Изготовленные из оргстекла, эти закрылки на самом деле изгибаются, когда они выдвигаются из убранного положения для того, чтобы обеспечить лучшие показатели подъемной силы.

41. Приспособления на ведущей кромке выдвигаются, чтобы увеличить как размер, так и кривизну крыльев для улучшения подъемной силы при малых скоростях.

Exercise 2.3.11 Make up your own sentences using the folowing words and word combinations.

Unresolved messages; vital; melt; ice; manually; tarmac; in clear view; amiss; curve; improve; lift.

Exercise 2.3.12 Retell the text.

2.4. Taxi

Exercise 2.4.1 Read and translate the text using the word list.

John calls the ground controller for taxi clearance.

Captain R/T: Speedbird 25, taxi.

Heathrow Ground: Speedbird 25, left turn at block 120 and hold in ninety six initially.

The controller has cleared the jet to move ahead a short distance on the ramp and then make a sharp left turn on to a taxiway. The pilots check the Heathrow taxi chart to confirm the route. There is a lot of useful information on it, for example, taxiway lighting system which is necessary at night and in poor visibility. There are blue edge lights in maintenance and holding areas; green CL (centreline) lights with selective switching in all other taxiways and routes; RETs (returns) have green lights parallel and to side of RWY CL (runway centrelines) before joining turn-off CL. Other turn-offs marked by green CL lights are leading directly away from RWY CL. All turn-offs are colour coded amber and green alternate lights to edge of instrument strip. Red Stop bars are provided where appropriate. There are also Position Indicator Boards placed at the boundary of each block. The numbers should be used when reporting position. The airport has two parallel runways, aligned east-west, and a third crosswind runway that is rarely used. Victor Alpha is going to Runway 09 Right, on the airport’s south side, and will be departing in an easterly direction.

Harry takes over the radio duties, allowing John to concentrate on taxiing the jumbo. The captain eases the four throttles forward for a gentle increase in power to get Speedbird 25 under way. With such a heavy weight, the response is slow. As the jet starts to move, he is careful to reduce the thrust quickly. Even at idle, the engines produce considerable residual thrust, enough to keep the aircraft moving. Taxiing speed is normally restricted to about 20 kt, 10 kt in a turn and 6 kt in wet and slippery conditions. John lets the jet gain some speed in order to make the turn away from the terminal and on to the taxiway with just minimal power. He is mindful of the many empty cargo containers parked on the ramp. Having the jet’s exhaust blow one of them through the bay windows of the terminal building would not be a good start to the flight. Using a steering tiller on the sidewall by his left knee, the Captain guides the jumbo through the turn.

To improve ground handling, the jumbo has body gear steering. When the nose gear steering angle exceeds 20° at slow speeds, the body gear moves in the opposite direction to assist the turn and minimize tyre scrubbling.

The jet hasn’t gone far before ATC is calling again.

Heathrow Ground: Speedbird 25, hold abeam the Royal Suite for a Kenyan Airbus and then continue.

John presses on the top of the rudder pedals to apply the brakes, stopping the jumbo next to the small building used by the Royal Family and high-ranking VIPs when they fly from Heathrow. The crew wait while an A310 being towed to the terminal passes in front of them.

Once the Airbus is past, Speedbird 25 is cleared along a taxiway on the south side of the runway. The Captain taxies the jet past British Airways massive cargo complex on Heathrow’s south side. Taxiing a 747 is a tricky task that demands care. The flight deck is the height of a three-storey building, the fuselage as long as a city block and the wings 95 ft out either side.

Exercise 2.4.2 Answer the questions.

1. Who does John call for taxi clearance?

2. Where does the 747 have to turn?

3. Where does it have to hold initially?

4. Does the 747 have to make a sharp right or left turn?

5. What sort of information can be found in the taxi chart?

6. What colour are the edge lights in maintenance and holding areas?

7. What colour are the centreline lights?

8. How are turn-offs coded?

9. Are there any stop bars in the maneuvering area?

10. Where are the Position Indicator Boards placed?

11. How many runways are there at Heathrow?

12. How are the runways aligned?

13. Why does Harry take over the radio duties?

14. It is an easy task to taxi a jumbo?

15. Why is the aircraft’s response so slow?

16. Is the residual power enough to make the aircraft move?

17. What is the usual speed of the aircraft while taxiing?

18. Why does John need to gain some speed?

19. What is he mindful of?

20. Where is the steering tiller located?

21. What is it necessary for?

22. What is the purpose of the body gear steering?

23. What happens when the nose gear steering angle exceeds 20° at slow speeds?

24. Why does Speedbird 25 have to hold abeam the Royal Suite?

25. What does John press to stop the jumbo?

26 What does the term “Royal Suite” mean?

27. How long does the 747 wait abeam the Royal Suite?

28. What is Speedbird 25 cleared to do after the Airbus has passed by?

29. Where does Speedbird 25 taxi to?

30. What size is the 747?

Exercise 2.4.3 Are the following statements true (√) or false (×)? Correct the false ones.

1. John calls the ground controller for take-off clearance.

2. Speedbird 25 has to turn right at block 120.

3. The controller has cleared the jet to move ahead a short distance on the taxiway.

4. The pilots check the Heathrow taxi chart to confirm the route.

5. The chart of taxiway lighting system is necessary at any time day or night.

6. There are blue edge lights in maintenance and holding areas.

7. There are red centreline lights with selective switching in all other taxiways and routes.

8. Returns have green lights parallel and to side of runway centrelines before joining turn-off CL.

9. Other turn-offs marked by green centreline lights are leading directly away from the runway centreline.

10. All turn-offs are colour coded amber and white alternate lights to edge of instrument strip.

11. Red Stop bars are also provided where appropriate.

12. There are position Indicator Boards placed at the boundary of some blocks.

13. The pilots should use the numbers of the blocks when reporting position.

14. The airport has two parallel runways, aligned south-north.

15. A third crosswind runway is also often used.

16. Runways are numbered according to their magnetic heading.

17. Speedbird is going to Runway 09Left, on the airport’s south side, and will be departing in an easterly direction.

18. The captain eases the four throttles backward for a gentle increase in power.

19. The response of the aircraft is very slow.

20. The engines produce considerable residual thrust even at idle power.

21. Taxiing speed is normally restricted to about 30 kt, 20 kt in a turn and 5 kt in wet and slippery conditions.

22. There are a lot of empty cargo containers parked on the ramp.

23. The jet’s exhaust might blow one of the containers through the bay windows of the terminal building, if taxiing weren’t performed carefully.

24. The Captain guides the jumbo through the turn using a steering tiller on the sidewall by his right knee.

25. The jumbo has body gear steering to improve ground handling.

26 When the nose gear steering angle exceeds 30° at slow speeds, the body gear moves in the opposite direction.

27. It is done both to assist the turn and minimize tyre scrubbling.

28. The instruction of the controller is to hold for a while for a German Airbus to pass by.

29. John presses on the top of the rudder pedals to apply the brakes.

30. The crew wait while an A310 being towed to the hangar passes in front of them.

31. After that Speedbird 25 is cleared along a taxiway on the north side of the runway.

32. Taxiing a 747 is a tricky task that demands care.

33. The flight deck is the height of a four-storey building.

34. The fuselage of the jet is as long as a city block.

35. The wings of Speedbird are 95 ft out either side.

Exercise 2.4.4 Give English equivalents for the following words and word combinations.

Остаточный; на траверзе; тереть; штурвальчик управления носовым колесом; соответствующий; внимательный; окно-фонарь; приобрести; край; ослабить; осторожный; основное шасси; направлять; граница; подтверждать; выхлоп газов; ограниченный; зал для ВИП-пасажиров; резкий (поворот); курс; угол; “стоп”-огни; буксировать; желтый сигнал; управление наземным движением; ждать; ВПП, оборудованная для полетов по приборам; вести; табло-указатель местонахождения; карта; уменьшить.

Exercise2.4.5 What do the following abbreviations stand for?

VIP RWY RET CL

Exercise 2.4.6 Find in the text synonyms for the following words and expressions.

Wait; permit; in front of; roll; for instance; come back; direct; supply; runway; put; seldom; in accordance with; course; leave; control; airbus; weighty; require; large; limit; careful; lead; make better; help; wear.

Exercise 2.4.7 Match the word combinations and expressions in column A with those in column B.

A	B
1. stop bar 2. instrument strip 3. ground handling 4. steering tiller 5. Position Indicator Board 6. bay window 7. Royal Suite 8. body gear 9. exhaust blow 10.taxi chart 11.centreline lights 12.maintenance area 13.alternate lights 14.residual thrust 15.cargo container 16.tyre scrubbling 17.apply the brakes	a. штурвальчик упр. носов. колесом b. зал для ВИП-пасажиров c. остаточная тяга d. основное шасси e. грузовой контейнер f. истирание шин g. управление наземным движением h. BПП, обор. для полетов по приб. i. мигающие огни j. осевые огни k. зона техобслуживания l. тормозить m. табло-указатель местонахождения n. выхлоп газов o. окно-фонарь p. “стоп”-огни q. схема руления

Exercise 2.4.8 Fill in the gaps with the words from the text choosing from the ones given in brackets.

1. John calls the ground controller for _________ (take-off; taxi; line up) clearance.

2. The controller gives the instruction to ______ (hold; run up; taxi) in block ninety six initially.

3. The controller has cleared the jet to move ahead a short ______ (way; distance; turn) on the ramp.

4. The pilots check the Heathrow taxi chart to confirm the _____ (route; airway; track) for taxiing.

5. The taxiway lighting system is necessary at night and in ______ (excellent; doubtful; poor) visibility.

6. There are _______ (blue; quick; bright) edge lights in maintenance and holding areas.

7. There are also green centreline lights with _____ (selected; selecting; selective) switching.

8. Return lights are green lights _____ (opposite; across; parallel) and to side of runway centerlines.

9. Some turn-offs _____ (painted; marked; encoded) by green CL lights are leading directly away from RWY CL.

10. All turn-offs are colour coded amber and green ______ (alternate; alternative; alternating) lights.

11. Stop _____ (lines; bars; blocks) are also provided.

12. Position Indicator Boards are _______ (placed; put; set) at the boundary of each block.

13. Runways are numbered according to their magnetic ______ (number; longitude; heading).

14. John concentrates on ______ (running; taxiing; driving) the jumbo.

15. The captain eases the throttles forward for a gentle (reduction; decrease; increase) in power.

16. With such a heavy weight, the _____ (response; respond; request) of the jumbo is slow.

17. As the jet starts to move, the pilot is careful to reduce the _______ (drag; lift; thrust) quickly.

18. The engines produce considerable _____ (residual; return; additional) thrust.

19. Taxiing speed is _______ (regularly; sometimes; normally) restricted to about 20 knots.

20. John ________ (lets, pushes, presses) the jet gain some speed.

21. When the nose gear steering _______ (angle; corner; limit) exceeds 20° at slow speeds, the body gear moves in the opposite direction.

22. The jet’s exhaust might blow one of the many empty cargo _____ (containers; pallets; boxes) parked on the ramp through the bay windows of the terminal building.

23. Using a ______ (guiding: directing; steering) tiller the Captain guides the jumbo through the turn.

24. To improve ground _______ (handling; managing; commanding), the jumbo has body gear steering.

25. John presses on the top of the rudder pedals to _______ (apply; move; increase) the brakes.

26. The crew wait while an A310 being ______ (tugged; pulled; towed) to the terminal passes in front of them.

Exercise 2.4.9 Fill in the gaps with the necessary form of the words given in brackets.

1. The controller has ________ the jet to move ahead. (CLEAR)

2. There is a lot of _________ + _________ on the taxi chart. (USE + INFORM)

3. Taxiway _______ system is necessary at night and in poor visibility. (LIGHT)

4. There are blue edge lights in ________ and ________ areas. (MAINTAIN + HOLD)

5. Green centreline lights have ________ + _______ in all other taxiways and routes. (SELECT + SWITCH)

6. Some turn-offs ______ by green CL lights are ______ + ________ away from RWY CL. (MARK + LEAD + DIRECT)

7. All turn-offs are colour coded amber and green _____ lights. (ALTER)

8. Red Stop bars are provided where ______. (PROPER)

9. There are also Position _____ Boards. (INDICATE)

10. The numbers should be used when _______ position. (REPORT)

11. The airport has two parallel runways, ______ east-west. (LINE)

12. There is a third crosswind runway that is _____ + ____. (RARE + USE)

13. Victor Alpha will be ______ in an _______ direction. (DEPART + EAST)

14. John concentrates on _____ the jumbo. (TAXI)

15. With such a heavy weight, the ______ of the aircraft is slow. (RESPOND)

16. The pilot is _____ to reduce the thrust _____. (CARE + QUICK)

17. The engines produce ______ residual thrust. (CONSIDER)

18. Taxiing speed is ______ + ______ to about 20 kt, 10 kt in a turn and 6 kt in wet and _____ conditions. (NORM + RESTRICT + SLIP)

19. The pilot is ______ of the many empty cargo ______ parked on the ramp. (MIND + CONTAIN)

20. The Captain guides the jumbo through the turn using a _____ tiller. (STEER)

21. The body gear moves in the opposite _____ to assist the turn and ______ tyre _____. (DIRECT + MINIMUM + SCRUBBLE)

22 The crew wait while an A310 ____ + _____ to the terminal passes in front of them. (BE + TOW)

23. The flight deck is the height of a three-storey _____. (BUILD)

Exercise 2.4.10 In the list below the box find a definition for the given words.

Chart Alternating Lights Runway Centreline Junbo Jet Exhaust Taxiway Holding Area Ramp Thrust Abeam

1. the paved area, adjacent to an airport terminal building or hangars

2. a path (usually paved) at an airport, provided for the ground movement of aircraft

3. an area where departing aircraft wait before lining up

4. a specially prepared map for use in navigation

5. a line down the middle of the runwayusually marked with paint or lights

6. winking lights

7. a position when the fix is approximately at right angles to the aircraft

8. a wide-bodied aircraft, an airbus

9. the force generated by an aircraft engine which moves the aircraft forward

10. hot used gasses discharged by the engine

Exercise 2.4.11 Translate the following sentences into English.

1. Джон вызывает диспетчера руления для получения разрешения на руление.

2. Диспетчер инструктирует пилота свернуть налево у блока 120 и первоначально ждать у блока 96.

3. Он разрешил самолету продвинуться немного вперед по перрону и затем сделать резкий поворот на рулежную дорожку.

4. Пилоты сверяются с картой руления аэропорта Хитроу для подтверждения маршрута.

5. На карте руления имеется много полезной информации, в том числе система освещения рулежных дорожек, которая необходима ночью и при плохой видимости.

6. На рулежках имеются синие боковые огни в зонах техобслуживания и ожидания.

7. На всех других рулежках и маршрутах имеются также зеленые осевые огни с избирательным включением.

8. Маршруты возврата оснащены зелеными огнями параллельно и вбок от осевой линии ВПП до соединения с осевыми огнями съездов с ВПП.

9. Другие сходы с ВПП промаркированы зелеными осевыми огнями, ведущими прямо от осевых огней ВПП.

10. Все съезды с ВПП обозначены оранжевыми и зелеными попеременно мигающими огнями до краев ВПП, оборудованной приборами.

11. Там, где это необходимо, имеется линия красных стоп-огней.

12. На границе каждого блока имеются также табло-индикаторы местонахождения.

13. Номера этих блоков следует упоминать в сообщениях о местонахождении.

14. Аэропорт имеет две параллельные полосы в направлении восток-запад и третью ВПП в направлении бокового ветра, которая используется редко.

15. ВПП пронумерованы в соответствии с их магнитным курсом.

16. Спидберд направляется к ВПП 09 Правой в южной части аэропорта и будет взлетать в восточном направлении.

17. Гарри берет на себя обязанности по ведению радиосвязи, давая Джону возможность сосредоточиться на рулении.

18 Командир отпускает вперед четыре дросселя для небольшого увеличения мощности, чтобы сдвинуть с места Спидберд.

29. Ответна