Flight through Kazakhstan territoryExercise 3.8.1 Read and translate the text. The waypoint KUSOT is reached at 22.25 UTC. South of here is the isolated city of Baikonur, best known as the place where Russian cosmonauts blast into space. Sprawled across more than 11.650 square kilometers of barren desert steppes, the cosmodrome was for so long one of the USSR’s most secret military sites. From here, Sputnik was launched into orbit and Yuri Gagarin took his historic rocket ride that made him the first man in space. Today the Baikonur cosmodrome remains a busy sport for space launches. Apart from the hiss of air rushing past the flightdeck windows and the occasional dump of turbulence, there is little sense of the jet’s movement. But a glance at the NDs confirms Victor Alpha’s steady progress. Speedbird 25 is now closing in on DIMUT, a waypoint in central Kazakhstan. Wind direction and strength are displayed in the upper left and the ETA and distance to the next waypoint are shown in the upper right. The PFD shows the jet level at 33, 200ft or 10, 120m, cruising at Mach 0.834. Forty minutes later, the city or Karaganda, the hub of central Kazakhstan, passes below. Ahead lies an inhospitable mix of mountains and deserts. At 23.17 UTC the jet reaches GORBO. Bob checks in with Russian ATC. First Officer R/T: Good morning. Speedbird two five check GORBO two three one seven, maintaining ten thousand one hundred metres standard, estimating SARIN at two three five three. The controller responds with instructions to maintain 10, 100nm for now and expect 10, 200m at UASA, some 182nm ahead. The jet is right on schedule. The precision of the flight plan is possible because of the accurate upper winds forecast. The forecast predicted winds at 270° at 27kt; the actual winds are 265° at 25kt. OSNER is next, 116nm ahead. The FMC is predicting that 15.1 tonnes of fuel will be left after landing, comfortably above the 13-tonne reserve required. The minimum safe altitude (MSA) on the route so far has been 3, 000ft. This is the lowest the jumbo can go and still have adequate terrain clearance. Now, as the flight approaches the border with China, the safety height rises rapidly, topping 12, 600ft. Past Urumqi, a city in China’s northwest corner, the safety height rises to 21, 100ft as the route parallels a mountain range. Exercise 3.8.2 Answer the questions. 1. What time is the waypoint KUSOT reached? 2. Where is Baikonur situated? 3. What is Baikonur best known for? 4. Why was Baikonur one of the most secret military sites? 5. What do you know about Yuri Gagarin? 6. Is Baikonur used for space launches nowadays? 7. Is there any turbulence? 8. What waypoint is Speedbird 25 closing in? 9. Is wind direction displayed? 10. What flight level is the jet maintaining? 11. What is Mach number? 12.Which city is the hub of Kazakhstan? Why? 13. What time does the jet reach GORBO? 14. What is ETO SARIN? 15. Is Speedbird 25 right on schedule? 16. Why is the precision of the flight plan possible? 17. What was the wind predicted? 18. What is the actual wind? 19. How much fuel will be left after landing? 20. What is minimum safe altitude (MSA) on the route? 21. Is altitude 3000ft the lowest so that the jumbo can have adequate terrain clearance? 22. What country is Speedbird 25 approaching? 23. What is the safety height? Exercise 3.8.3 Are the following statements true (√) or false (×)? Correct the false ones. 1. The waypoint KUSOT is reached at 20.25 UTC. 2. The city of Baikonur is known as the place where Russian cosmonauts blast into space. 3. The cosmodrome wasn’t for such a long time one of the USSR’s most secret military sites. 4. Sputnik was launched into orbit from Baikonur. 5. Yuri Gagarin took his historic rocket ride that made him the first man in space. 6. Today the Baikonur cosmodrome remains a busy spot for space launches. 7. A glance at the NDs confirms the jet’s steady progress. 8. Speedbird 25 is maintaining 33, 200 ft. 9. Karaganda is the hub of central Kazakhstan. 10. Waypoint GORBO is passed at 22.17 UTC. 11. The jet is estimating waypoint SARIN at 23.53. 12. The controller gives the instruction to maintain 10, 100 metres. 13. The plane is right on schedule. 14. The precision of the flight plan is possible because of the accurate upper winds forecast. 15. The forecast predicted winds at 270° at 27 kt. 16. The actual winds are 256° at 25 kt. 17. 15.1 tonnes of fuel will be left after landing. 18. The minimum safe altitude on the route has been 3, 000 ft. 19. Approaching the border with China, the safety height rises rapidly, topping 12, 600 ft. 20. Past Urumqi, a city in China, the safety height rises to 21, 000 ft, as the route parallels a mountain range. Exercise 3.8.4 Give English equivalents for the following words and word combinations. Точка (пункт) донесения по маршруту; достигать; космонавты; запускать в космос; квадратные километры; неплодородные пустынные степи; самый секретный военный полигон; запускать на орбиту; первый человек в космосе; воздушная яма; турбулентность; направление и сила ветра; расчетное время прилета; расстояние до следующего пункта донесения; число Маха; негостеприимный; горы и пустыни; выдерживать эшелон полета; по расписанию; точный прогноз ветра по высотам; после посадки; минимальная безопасная высота; граница с …; быстро; стремительно; параллельно; горная цепь. Exercise 3.8.5 What do the following abbreviations stand for?
Exercise 3.8.6 Find in the text synonyms for the following words and expression. Lonely, separate; astronaut, spaceman; hidden, unseen; whistle; accidental, uncommon; mean, unfriendly; answer; wait; timetable; feasible, practicable; predict; present wind; request; convenient; come to the board; clearance. Exercise 3.8.7 Match the word combinations and expressions in column A with those in column B.
Exercise 3.8.8 Fill in the gaps with the words from the text choosing from the ones given below. 1. The waypoint KUSOT is _________ (got, approached, reached) at 22.25 UTC. 2. The ________ (alone, separate, isolated) city of Baikonur is south of KUSOT. 3. Russian _________ (astronauts, spacemen, cosmonauts) blast into space. 4. The _________ (sound, hiss, whistle) of air rushing past the flightdeck windows. 5. The jet is _________ (maintaining, cruising, flying) at Mach 0.834. 6. _________ (Unkind, Inhospitable, Unfriendly) mix of mountains and deserts lies ahead. 7. The controller __________ (responds, answers, tells) with instructions to maintain 10, 100 metres. 8. The precision of the flight plan is _________ (possible, feasible, practicable) because of the _________ (precise, accurate, correct) upper winds forecast. 9. The minimum safe altitude __________ (on, along, via) the route has been 3000 feet. 10. The jet is __________ (coming, going, approaching) the border with China. Exercise 3.8.9 Fill in the gaps with the related words. 1. Baikonur is a city where __________ (RUSSIA) cosmonauts blast into space. 2. Yuri Gagarin took his __________ (HISTORY) rocket ride that made him the first man in space. 3. The jet’s ________ (MOVE) was steady. 4. The aircraft is __________ (NAINTAIN) 10, 100 metres. 5. The minimum safe altitude 3000 ft is the __________ (LOW) the jumbo can go. 6. The controller responds with __________ (INSTRUCT) to maintain 10, 100 metres. Exercise 3.8.10 Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Пункт обязательного донесения КУСОТ пройден в 22.25. 2. Город Байконур известен как место, где русские космонавты совершают полеты в космос. 3. Космодром долгое время был одним из самых засекреченных военных полигонов Советского Союза. 4. Юрий Гагарин совершил свой исторический полет в космос с Байконура и стал первым в мире космонавтом. 5. Космодром в Байконуре и сегодня остается местом, откуда производятся многочисленные полеты в космос. 6. Во время полета испытывается небольшая турбулентность. 7. Показатели направления и силы ветра высвечиваются на приборах слева, а расчетное время и расстояние до следующего пункта донесения высвечиваются справа. 8. Самолет выполняет полет на 10; 100 футах. 9. Горы и пустыни, лежащие впереди, выглядят не очень приветливо. 10. Пилот доложил диспетчеру расчетное время пролета следующего пункта обязательного донесения САРИН в 23.53. 11. Диспетчер дал команду экипажу выдерживать 10, 100 метров и ожидать набора до 10.200 метров через 182 морские мили. 12. Самолет летит по расписанию. 13. Выполнение полета согласно плану вполне возможно благодаря точному прогнозу ветра по высотам. 14. 15, 1 тонны топлива должно остаться после посадки. 15. Самолет приближается к границе Китая. 16. Маршрут полета проходит параллельно горной цепи. Exercise 3.8.11 Make up your own sentences using the following words and word combinations. Waypoint; Russian cosmonauts; blast into space; barren dessert steppes; secret military site; launch into orbit; occasional bump of turbulence; jet’s steady progress; wind direction and strength; estimated time of arrival; mountains and deserts; be on schedule; to forecast; minimum safe altitude; jumbo; approach the border; safety height; rapidly; mountain range. Exercise 3.8.12 Retell the text. 3.9 The dangers of flight over mountainous terrain and possible decompression Exercise 3.9.1 Read and translate the text. The high terrain dictates special planning in case the flight has to divert to an alternative airfield. The concerns are twofold. The first is engine failure, which would force a descent to a lower altitude. Just how much lower depends on the aircraft weight and ambient conditions but the jet’s good performance would keep it comfortably above the safety altitude. The cruising altitude and range on three engines are similar to the performance with all engines operating. The real problem occurs if the jumbo were to lose a second engine and have to descend even lower. Then more critical consideration is decompression. If the cabin suffers a loss of pressurisation, oxygen masks will deploy automatically, giving the passengers a source of breathable air until the jet can complete an emergency descent. The usual procedure is to descend to 14, 000ft, where the air is dense enough that most passengers no longer require emergency oxygen. But in this area of high terrain, descending that low is impossible. Yet the jumbo cannot remain at its cruising altitude – it does not carry enough oxygen to supply the passengers for a prolonged period of time. To cope with these considerations, British Airways developed escape routes to take a jet into areas where the safety height is below 10, 000ft. Even then, the airline had to add three more oxygen bottles to each jumbo – 19 in total – to give them adequate oxygen supply to fly these emergency routes. On the back of the flight progress map is a tactical planning chart that highlights the critical decision points and details the crew procedures to be followed for an engine failure or a decompression. The decision point for a pressurisation emergency is known as OXY 1. Located 110nm east of Urumqi, this waypoint is inserted in the flight plan and marked on the chart. If the jet suffers a decompression before reaching this point, the flight would turn buck and retrace its route to land either at Urumqi or divert along an escape route north on airway B206 to the Novosibirsk area. After OXY 1, the instructions are to continue to the Yabrai NDB (DY) in north central China and follow airway A596 to Beijing or continue to Hong Kong, depending on fuel. If the jet suffers an engine failure before reaching Yabrai, the drill is to proceed either to Beijing or Hong Kong, depending on fuel. After Yabrai, the flight should continue to the destination. British Airways uses other imaginary waypoints in its flight plans to denote sections of the route where the safety altitude changes significantly. Past SARIN, for example, ghost waypoint ‘Hotel’ marks the point where the MSA rises from 11,.700ft to 21, 100ft. Exercise 3.9.2 Answer the questions. 1. What does the high terrain dictate? 2. Why are the concerns twofold? 3. What would an engine failure force? 4. What influences a descent to a lower altitude? 5. When does a real problem occur? 6. Why is decompression the more critical consideration? 7. What do oxygen masks give the passengers? 8. What is the usual procedure? 9. Why can’t the jumbo remain at its cruising altitude? 10. What did British Airways develop? 11. How many oxygen bottles does each jumbo have in total? 12. Where is a tactical planning chart? 13. What does a tactical planning chart show? 14. What is the decision point for a pressurization emergency? 15. Where is OXY 1 located? 16. Is OXY 1 inserted in the flight plan and marked on the chart? Why? 17. What would happen if the jet suffers a decompression before reaching OXY? 18. What are the instructions after OXY 1? 19. What is the drill if the jet suffers an engine failure before reaching Yabrai? 20. Why does British Airways use imaginary waypoints in its flight plans? 21. What does the ghost waypoint “Hotel” mark? Exercise 3.9.3 Are the following statements true (√) or false (×)? Correct the false ones. 1. The high terrain dictates special planning in case the flight has to direct to an alternative airfield. 2. The concerns are twofold. 3. Engine failure won’t force a descent to a lower altitude. 4. The cruising altitude and range on three engines are similar to the performance with all engines operating. 5. The real problem occurs if the jumbo were to lose a second engine. 6. Decompression would be the more critical consideration. 7. In case of pressurization, the oxygen masks will deploy automatically. 8. Oxygen masks give the passengers a source of breathable air until the jet can complete an emergency descent. 9. The air is dense at 14, 000ft. 10. Descending is impossible in the area of high terrain. 11. The jumbo doesn’t carry enough oxygen to supply the passengers for a prolonged period of time. 12. Escape routes have been developed to take a jet into areas where the safety height is below 10, 000ft. 13. The decision point for a pressurization emergency is known as OXY 2. 14. All waypoints are marked on the chart. 15. British Airways uses other imaginary waypoints in the flight plans to denote sections of the route where the safety altitude changes significantly. 16. There is a tactical planning chart that highlights the critical decision points and details the crew procedures to be followed for an engine failure or a decompression. Exercise 3.9.4 Give English equivalents for the following words and word combinations. Специальное планирование; в случае, если; уклониться на запасной аэродром; двойной; отказ двигателя; зависеть от …; вес самолета; окружающие, сопутствующие условия; безопасная высота; все двигатели работают; случаться, происходить; разгерметизация; кислородные маски; автоматически раскрываться; источник вдыхаемого воздуха; аварийное снижение; обычная процедура; плотный воздух; крейсерская высота; обеспечить; продолжительный период времени; иметь дело с чем-то, справиться с чем-то; аварийный трап; в общем количестве; аварийный маршрут; отмечать что-то на карте; или … или …; следовать по трассе; зависеть от; воображаемые, представляемые точки донесения по маршруту; значительно; продолжать полет в пункт назначения. Exercise 3.9.5 What do the following abbreviations stand for?
Exercise 3.9.6 Find in the text synonyms for the following words and expressions. Aerodrome; coupled; rely upon; plane; engine fault (problem); jet’s progress; alike; happen; must; pressurization; experience; origin; accomplish; thick; to request; zone; contribute; extended; to deal with; whole; planning map; include; situated; return; keep the airway; an exercise; unreal waypoint; indicate. Exercise 3.9.7 Match the word combinations and expressions in column A with those in column B.
Exercise 3.9.8 Fill in the gaps with the words from the text choosing from the ones given below. 1. The high terrain dictates special planning in case the flight has to _________ (fly, direct, divert) to an alternate airfield. 2. Engine _________ (breakdown, failure, loss) would force a descent to a lower altitude. 3. Lower altitude depends on the aircraft weight and _________ (surrounding, ambient, environmental) conditions. 4. The real problem _________ (happens, appears, occurs) if the plane loses an engine. 5. If the cabin _________ (experiences, undergoes, suffers) a loss of pressurisation, oxygen masks will deploy automatically. 6. Oxygen masks ___________ (give, provide, supply) the passengers a source of breathable air. 7. The _________ (common, ordinary, usual) procedure is to descend to the altitude where the air is dense. 8. The critical decision points and details of the crew procedures to be _________ (made, followed, fulfilled) for an engine failure or a decompression may be found in the tactical planning chart. 9. Waypoints are inserted in the flight plan and _________ (noted, marked, stated) on the chart. 10. The jet had to _________ (keep, follow, continue) airway A 596. Exercise 3.9.9 Fill in the gaps with the related words. 1. The high terrain dictates special _________ in case the flight has to divert to an alternative airfield. (PLAN) 2. Oxygen masks give the passengers a source of __________ air. (BREATH) 3. Speedbird 25 received the __________ to continue flying to the Yabrai NDB. (INSTRUCT) 4. In case of pressurization, oxygen masks will diploy ________.(AUTOMATIC) 5. The cruising altitude and range on three engines are similar to the _________ with all engines operating. (PERFORM) 6. The more critical __________ is decompression. (CONSIDER) 7. Oxygen masks do not carry enough oxygen to supply the passengers for a __________ period of time. (PROLONG) 8. Waypoints are __________ and _________ on the chart. (INSERT + MARK) Exercise 3.9.10 Translate the following sentences into English. 1. Возвышенная местность диктует специальное планирование в случае, если воздушное судно должно уклониться на запасной аэродром. 2. Если случится отказ двигателя – это вызовет снижение на более низкую высоту. 3. Выбор высоты зависит от веса самолета и окружающих условий. 4. Самолет может выдерживать крейсерскую высоту на трех двигателях так же, как и при работе всех двигателей. 5. Очень серьезная аварийная ситуация происходит тогда, когда отказывают два двигателя. 6. Разгерметизация – более серьезная проблема. 7. Если случится разгерметизация, то кислородные маски выпускаются автоматически. 8. Кислородные маски обеспечивают пассажиров воздухом до тех пор, пока самолет не снизится до определенной высоты, где пассажирам не нужны маски. 9. Британские Авиалинии разработали аварийные (спасательные) маршруты, куда могут быть направлены самолеты и где безопасная высота ниже 10.000 футов. 10. Количество кислородных баллонов на каждый самолет увеличено на три штуки – в общем до 19 (штук). 11. На оборотной стороне карты полета есть описание процедур, которым должен следовать экипаж в случае отказа двигателя или разгерметизации. 12. В случае аварийной ситуации в случае разгерметизации следует направляться в точку ОКСИ 1. 13. Пункты следования занесены в план полета и отмечены на карте. 14. После точки ОКСИ 1 указания будут получены от диспетчера следовать на Дельта Янки и следовать по трассе А 596. 15. Британские Авиалинии используют различные воображаемые пункты в планах полетов чтобы определить участки маршрутов, где безопасные высоты значительно изменяются. Exercise 3.9.11 Make up your own sentences using the following words and word combination. Divert to an alternative airfield; engine failure; descent to a lower altitude; depend on; aircraft weight; ambient conditions; the jet’s good performance; real problem; occur; oxygen masks; deploy automatically; breathable air; complete an emergency descent; usual procedure; area of high terrain; prolonged period of time; engine failure; waypoints; turn back; oxygen bottles; highlight. Exercise 3.9.12 Retell the text.
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