Перекладіть словосполучення на англійську мову, складіть з ними речення 1 страницастраждати від захворювань заразні і незаразні хвороби спадкові та неспадкові хвороби справлятися з хронічними та гострими хворобами невиліковні хвороби пухлинні хвороби хвороби літнього віку лікування і профілактика
2) Дайте розгорнуту відповідь на питання What is health? What other terms have the meaning “disease”? How many diseases exist? What are the main types of diseases? Which group of diseases occurs in aging people? 3) Поясніть термін (не менше 5-ти речень) Захворювання
Тестові завдання для поточного контролю знань I. 1. What remedies do French doctors usually prescribe? a) tonics, vitamins, spa procedures; b) antibiotics; c) drastic drugs; d) heart drugs; e) nothing
2. German doctors ….. a) see disease as a breakdown in the integrity of the body; b) spend less time with patients; c) prefer surgery; d) commonly prescribe drugs to raise low blood pressure; e) often use aromatherapy and fragrant essential oils
3. American doctors …. a) prescribe fewer drugs; b) use alternative healing methods; c) prefer “gentle therapies”; d) often prefer surgery over drug therapy; e) rarely prescribe antibiotics
4. In Great Britain, the doctors …. a) prefer not expensive treatments; b) often use antibiotics; c) prescribe a lot of vitamins; d) use alternative healing methods; e) prefer surgery
5. In what country do doctors underestimate the possible risk and side effects of treatment? a) in France; b) in Great Britain; c) in Germany; d) in the USA; e) in Ukraine
6. The British doctors perform … medical tests than do Americans. a) less; b) little; c) few; d) fewer; e) smaller
7. The nature of disease … as a breakdown in the integrity of the body in France. a) see; b) sees; c) is seen; d) are seen; e) is seeing
8. American doctors are more likely … high doses of drugs. a) administer; b) to administer; c) administering; d) are administered; e) to be administered
9. Many doctors prescribe alternative healing methods … homeopathy and herbal medicine. a) like; b) as; c) for; d) –; e) such as
10. Medicine is a field of applied science related … the art of healing. a) with; b) of; c) by; d) to; e) –
II. 1. Diseases transmitted from parents to children are called …. a) contagious; b) chronic; c) transmitted; d) inherited; e) immune
2. Diseases which occur in aging people are called …. a) non-contagious; b) geriatric; c) chronic; d) immune; e) inherited
3. Nowadays people know about … diseases. a) 600; b) 1000; c) 6000; d) 60000; e) 100
4. The term “terminal disease” means …. a) an acute disease; b) an incurable disease; c) a genetic disease; d) a long-lasting disease; e) communicable disease
5. Which word can be used instead the underlined one: Medicine has made tremendous progress in the last several hundred years. a) great; b) wide; c) big; d) deep; e) large
6. Which word can be used instead the underlined one: Psychologists must support the patients suffering from cancer. a) disease; b) disorder; c) tumour; d) dysfunction; e) illness
7. Diseases should … in time. a) diagnose and treat; b) diagnosed and treated; c) are diagnosed and treated; d) be diagnosed and treated; e) to be diagnosed and treated
8. People … from illnesses since they first appeared on the earth. a) are suffering; b) were suffering; c) suffered; d) were suffered; e) have suffered
9. To be healthy we should carefully look …. a) at ourself; b) at ourselves; c) after ourself; d) after ourselves; e) for ourselves
10. It is necessary to organize a process of training doctors and pharmacists … a high level. a) in; b) on; c) at; d) with; e) of
PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS – Туберкульоз легенів
Exercise 1. Practice the pronunciation of the following words. Translate them into Ukrainian: affect [ə 'fekt], causative agent ['kɔ: zə tiv 'eidʒ ə nt], stage [steidʒ ], malaise [mæ 'leiz], fatigue [fə 'ti: g], loss [lɔ s], pus [pʌ s], involve [in'vɔ lv], profuse [prə 'fju: s], permanent ['рɜ: mə nə nt], benign [bi'nain], elevation [, eli'veiʃ n], perspiration [, pɜ: spə 'reiʃ n], evidence ['evidə ns]
Exercise 2. Read the following word-combinations and translate them into Ukrainian: 1. malaise [mæ 'leiz]: a general malaise, to complain of a general malaise, a general malaise is one of the symptoms of tuberculosis; 2. fatigue [fə 'ti: g]: a considerable fatigue, a marked fatigue, to suffer from a slight fatigue; 3. pus [pʌ s]: a thick pus, the discharge containing much 'pus, much pus was found in the sputum; 4. benign [bi'nain]: a benign disease, a benign tumour was revealed in the lungs, benign growth of the kidney.
Exercise 3. Match the following diseases with their descriptions and translate them into Ukrainian:
Exercise 4. Find the corresponding equivalents:
Exercise 5. Translate the following word-combinations into your own language and make up your own sentence with one of them: to be caused by, to be discovered by, to be accompanied by, to be involved in, to be marked, to produce characteristic changes, to affect other organs, to complain of, dry or productive cough, considerable, sputum discharge, to become worse at night, to reveal pus corpuscles, the first sign of tuberculosis, to become profuse, in benign processes, tuberculous intoxication, metabolic rate, loss of appetite.
PAY ATTENTION! ____________________________________________________________________ Distinctive Stress to increase [in'kri: s] – an increase ['inkri: s] to present [pri'zent]– a present ['presə nt] ____________________________________________________________________
Exercise 6. Read the pair of words paying attention to their stress: to record – record; to conduct – conduct; to import – import; to perfect – perfect; to absent – absent; to permit – permit; to perfume – perfume; to object – object; to insult – insult.
Exercise 7. Read and translate the text: Pulmonary Tuberculosis Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, which produces characteristic tuberculous changes in the lung. This disease may also affect other organs: bones, joints, lymphatic glands, kidneys, etc. The causative agent of tuberculosis was discovered by Koch in 1882. In the early stage of tuberculosis the patient usually complains of a general malaise, fatigue, loss of appetite and bodyweight. Cough may be dry or productive, i. e. with sputum discharge. Coughing becomes worse at night and in the morning. In patients with cavities in the lungs coughing is accompanied by a considerable discharge of sputum. Sputum is mucopurulent. Its microscopic examination reveals a large number of pus corpuscles, erythocytes, and tuberculous organisms. Blood in the sputum is sometimes the first sign of tuberculosis. If large blood vessels are involved the discharge of blood may become profuse. Fever is one of the permanent symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis. In benign processes the body temperature is often subfebrile. In active forms it may range from 38° to 39°C. A considerable elevation of temperature is observed in pneumonic forms, when fever persists at a level of 38°C and higher for several months. Cold profuse perspiration at night is sometimes evidence of a severe form of tuberculosis. Loss of body weight is one of the typical signs of pulmonary tuberculosis. It is caused by tuberculous intoxication, a sharp increase in the metabolic rate and loss of appetite. Loss of body weight is particularly marked in progressive forms of the disease.
Exercise 8. Answer the following questions: 1. What kind of disease is pulmonary tuberculosis? 2. What is the causative agent of this disease? Who was it discovered by and when? 3. What may pulmonary tuberculosis affect besides lungs? 4. What are the complaints of a patient in the early stages of tuberculosis? 5. What may be present in the sputum that indicates tuberculosis immediately? 6. When may the discharge of blood become profuse? 7. What are the ranges of temperature in different forms of tuberculosis? 8. What else serves as evidence of pulmonary tuberculosis?
Exercise 9. Find the English equivalents in the text: Туберкульоз легенів; викликаний мікобактерією; викликати характерні туберкульозні зміни в легенях; вражати кісти, суглоби, лімфатичні вузли, нирки; збудник захворювання; на ранній стадії туберкульозу; загальне нездужання; втома, втомленість; втрата ваги; сухий кашель; кашель з виділенням мокротиння; кров в мокротинні; значне підвищення температури; температура тримається на рівні 38 градусів; надмірне потовиділення; бути ознакою захворювання; прогресивні форми туберкульозу.
Exercise 10. Re-write the sentences translating the words and word-combinations in brackets: 1. It is sometimes difficult to make a correct diagnosis (на ранніх стадіях) of some diseases. 2. (Втрата апетиту) is a very important symptom, which a physician must always pay particular attention to. 3. (Підвищення температури) has been persisting for several months since it was a pneumonic form of tuberculosis. 4. Dullness in the lungs, accelerated respiration, dry or moist rales and crepitation may be (доказом) of lobular pneumonia. 5. (Різке збільшення) of the number of leucocytes is often the evidence of a certain inflammatory process in the human body. 6. Productive cough can (супроводжується) by fever. 7. People with (туберкульозом легенів) usually suffer from (втрати апетиту та втрати ваги). 8. During (вдиху) (сухі хрипи) may be heard over the affected area of the lung.
Exercise 11. Fill in the table with appropriate translation of the terms:
Exercise 12. Put questions to the underlined word(s): 1. Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis. 2. This disease may also affect other organs: bones, joints, lymphatic glands, kidneys. 3. Cough may be dry or productive. 4. Coughing becomes worse at night and in the morning. 5. A considerable elevation of temperature is observed in pneumonic forms. 6. Loss of body weight is one of the typical signs of pulmonary tuberculosis. 7. Cold profuse perspiration at night is the evidence of a severe form of tuberculosis. 8. Loss of body weight is particularly marked in progressive forms of the disease.
Exercise 13. Put the verb in brackets into he correct form: 1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (produce) characteristic tuberculous changes in the lung. 2. The causative agent of tuberculosis (to discover) by Koch in 1882. 3. In the early stage of tuberculosis the patient (to complain) of a general malaise, fatigue, loss of appetite and bodyweight. 4. The microscopic examination (to reveal) a large number of pus corpuscles in sputum. 5. Fever (to persist) at a level of 38°C and higher for several months. 6. Cold profuse perspiration at night (to serve) sometimes evidence of a severe form of tuberculosis. 7. A considerable elevation of temperature (to observe) in pneumonic forms, when fever (to persist) at a level of 38°C and higher for several months. 8. Loss of body weight (to cause) by tuberculous intoxication, a sharp increase in the metabolic rate and loss of appetite.
Exercise 14. Explain the following terms: pulmonary tuberculosis; cough; sputum TEST 1. Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by … a) mycobacterium tuberculosis b) Bacillus tetani c) Plasmodium malariae d) HIV
2. Pulmonary tuberculosis produces characteristic tuberculous changes in the … a) liver b) intestines c) lungs d) bones
3. The causative agent of tuberculosis was discovered by … a) Fleming b) Ivanovskiy c) Koch d) Pirogov
4. In patients with cavities in the lungs coughing is accompanied by a considerable discharge of... a) blood b) sputum c) pus d) saliva
5. If large … are involved the discharge of blood may become profuse. a) blood vessels b) aorta c) intestine d) veins
6. … is one of the permanent symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis. a) allergy b) fever c) confusion d) shortness of breath
7. A(n) … of temperature is observed in pneumonic forms of tuberculosis. a) decrease b) increase c) ordinary level d) abnormal level
8. … at night is sometimes evidence of a severe form of tuberculosis. a) cough b) loss of bodyweight c) loss of appetite d) sweat
9. …is caused by tuberculous intoxication, a sharp increase in the metabolic rate and loss of appetite. a) increase of temperature b) cough with sputum c) loss of bodyweight d) profuse perspiration
10. Pulmonary tuberculosis is a … disease. a) mild b) harmless c) not serious d) life-threatening
RHEUMATIC ENDOCARDITIS – Ревматичний ендокардит
I. Learn the new words and word-combinations:
II. Translate the following word-combinations into your language: Fatigue, to insist on bed regimen; to have complains of palpitation; accelerated pulse rate, to confirm a diagnosis; the disease was preceded by high temperature; elevated ESR, to confirm, murmur at the apex of the heart; to vary in intensity and duration, tricuspid valve, the onset of influenza; readings of ECG; moderate leucocytosis; to be slightly decreased; to keep to a strict diet; duration of disease.
III. Compare two sentences and answer the questions: а). I know that he studies. = б). I know him to study Я знаю, що він вчиться. = Я знаю… Pronoun в Objective Case Підмет + присудок + + Infinitive Noun Common Case
III a). Pay attention to the translation of Infinitives which are the part of Complex Object: a) I know this surgeon (him) to operate on successfully. – Я знаю, що цей хірург (він) оперує успішно. b) I know this surgeon (him) to have operated on successfully. - Я знаю, що цей хірург (він) оперував успішно. a) I know this patient (him) to be operated on at our clinic. – Я знаю, що цей хворий (він) оперується в нашій лікарні. b) I know this patient (him) to have been operated on successfully. - Я знаю, що цей хворий (він) був прооперован в нашій лікарні.
III b). Read and compare the sentences: a) The patients saw the doctor enter the ward. – Пацієнти бачили, як лікар входить до палати. b) He felt the pain increase. – Він відчував, що біль посилюється. c) The students watched the nurse give an injection. – Студенти спостерігали, як медсестра робить укол.
III c). Read and compare the sentences: a). We saw him recover gradually. Ми бачили, як він поступово We saw him recovering gradually. одужує. b). We watched the doctor examine the patient. Мы наблюдали, как врач We watched the doctor examining the patient. осматривает больного.
IV. Read and translate the pairs of sentences with Complex Object. 1. It is known that all patients are operated on by the leading cardiac surgeon of the hospital. 2. It is known that all patients have been operated on by the leading cardiac surgeon of the hospital. 3. The nurse saw him enter the emergency room. 4. The nurse saw him to have entered the emergency room. 5. We watched the doctor examine our son. 6. We watched the doctor examining our son.
V. Read and translate the text: Rheumatic Endocarditis The patient complained of a general malaise, early fatigue on exertion, cardiac discomfort and palpitation. The physician found him to have been having an increase of body temperature to a subfebrile level for a prolonged period of time. The patient stated that the onset of the disease had been preceded by tonsillitis. The patient’s pulse rate had become irregular and accelerated on physical exertion. The blood analyses revealed moderate leucocytosis and an elevated ESR. The electrocardiogram showed the changes in the most important readings. On percussion the doctor determined the heart to be slightly enlarged. These findings of the physical examination were confirmed by the X-ray examination. While listening to the patient’s heart the doctor found a soft systolic murmur to be heard at the heart apex. These symptoms were accompanied by diastole murmur heard at the apex and base of the heart. The doctor estimated the murmur to be varying in their intensity and duration. It was evidence of an inflammatory process in the valves. The doctor determined the organic changes in the mitral, aortic, and tricuspid valves to be clearly marked. The physician considered the patient to be ill with rheumatic endocarditis and insisted on his following a strict bed regimen at the in-patient department.
VI. Answer the questions: 1. What is rheumatic endocarditis? 2. What organs are affected in rheumatic endocarditis? 3. Is it a contagious disease or viral? 4. What is the cause of the disease? 5. How can a person get ill with rheumatic endocarditis? 6. What should physical examination include? 7. What other examinations are necessary to make a diagnosis? 8. What should be prescribed? 9. Should the patient be treated at home or in the in-patient department? 10. Are symptoms of rheumatic endocarditis clearly defined?
VII. Find synonyms to the following words:
VIII. Translate following words and word-combinations: Загальне нездужання, при фізичному навантаженні, важливі показники ЕКГ, чітко виражений, на верхушці серця, змінюватися за плотністю та тривалістю, доказ (свідоцтво) хвороби, наполягати на дотриманні суворого постільного режиму, прискорене серцебиття, супроводжуватися високою температурою, в тяжкій формі, абсцес легені.
IX. Fill in the gaps: 1. The patient stated that the onset of the disease ____________________________. 2. ________________________ showed the changes in the most important readings. 3. While listening to the patient’s heart _________________________________ to be heard at the heart apex 4. The doctor determined the organic changes in the _________________________ to be clearly marked. 5. The physician considered the patient ______________________________ and __________________________________________ at the in-patient department
X. Choose the correct answer: 1. What disease may the onset of rheumatic endocarditis be preceded by? A) It may be preceded by tonsillitis B) It may be preceded by lung abscess 2. What examination can the enlargement of the heart be determined by? A) It can be determined by percussion and X-ray B) It can be determined by ECG 3. What must the diet of a patient with rheumatic endocarditis contain? A) It must contain mush salt B) It must contain vitamins
XI. Use Complex Object instead of subordinate clause: 1. The physician didn’t think that chills would recur after the course of treatment. 2. After the follow-up examination the doctor noticed that the patient had become better nourished. 3. Everybody believed that the initial diagnosis would be confirmed by X-ray and laboratory analyses. 4. We know that obesity occurs as a result of metabolic disturbances. 5. It is known that leucocytosis develops in inflammation.
XII. Use either bare Infinitive (without to) or Gerund of the verbs in brackets. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian: 1. They say the nurse (to leave) the ward. 2. She didn’t notice anybody (to come into) the operation room. 3. I felt my knees (to tremble) because of pain. 4. The students watched the doctor (to listen) to the patient’s heart. 5. Did you hear her (to complain) of a severe headache?
XIII. Use Complex Object:
XIII. Translate into Russian paying attention to Complex Object: 1. We expect the professor to explain it to us. 2. Everybody knows her to be a good student. 3. The teacher wants the students to remember the rule. 4. He let them finish the work at home. 5. Who made you do it? 6. Nobody can order you do something illegal. 7. We all know him to be ill. 8. Does the teacher consider him to be a good student? 9. Did they expect her to be there? 10. Nobody saw him leave the room.
XIV. Put questions to underlined words: 1. The patient’s pulse rate accelerated on physical examination. 2. The blood analyses revealed an elevated ESR. 3. The ECG showed the changes in the readings. 4. The physician considered the patient to be ill with rheumatic endocarditis. 5. The doctor found a soft systolic murmur to be heard at the heart apex.
XV. Explain the following terms in English: ECG, malaise, subfebrile temperature, inflammatory process, early fatigue
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