Перекладіть словосполучення на англійську мову, складіть з ними речення 2 страница
TEST 1. The patient complained … a general malaise, early fatigue on exertion, cardiac discomfort and palpitation. a) on b) of c) with d) from
2. The physician found him to have been having an increase of body temperature to a subfebrile level … a prolonged period of time. a) on b) of c) with d) for
3. The patient’s pulse rate had become irregular and accelerated … physical exertion. a) on b) of c) with d) for
4. … percussion the doctor determined the heart to be slightly enlarged. a) on b) in c) with d) for
5. These symptoms were accompanied … diastole murmur heard at the apex and base of the heart. a) on b) in c) with d) by
6. The doctor estimated the murmur to be varying … their intensity and duration. a) on b) in c) with d) by
7. The physician considered the patient to be ill … rheumatic endocarditis. a) on b) in c) with d) by
8. The physician insisted … his following a strict bed regimen. a) on b) in c) with d) by
9. The physician insisted on his following a strict bed regimen … the in-patient department. a) on b) in c) with d) at
10. While listening … the patient’s heart the doctor found a soft systolic murmur to be heard at the heart apex. a) on b) in c) to d) at
ANGINA PECTORIS - Стенокардія
I. Learn the following words: Note – отмечать disturbance – расстройство, нарушение Radiate - распространяться diminish - уменьшаться Frequently - часто deviate – отклоняться (от нормы) Incidence – число случаев, частота adequate - соответствующий Overstrain - перенапряжение rise (rose, risen) – подниматься Exacerbate – погіршувати obstruction - закупорка
II. Translate the following words: The pain radiated to the back, considerable disturbance of metabolic rate, a frequent sharp pain in the substernal area, the diminished waves of ECG, marked deviation in the ECG readings, the overstrain may produce nervous system disturbances, to administer an adequate dose of this drug, these medications exacerbated the condition of the patient, pain was due to the obstruction of the coronary arteries.
III. Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to Complex Object: 1. The nurse on duty didn’t hear the patient leave the room. 2. Mother wanted me to become a doctor. 3. The newspapers report a vaccine against flu to be used successfully. 4. Scientists believe the treatment for cancer to be found out soon. 5. I haven’t seen the surgeons close wounds. 6. Everybody knows the rupture of spleen to be dangerous for life.
IV. Answer the questions: 1. What is Angina Pectoris? 2. What organs are affected in Angina Pectoris? 3. Is it a contagious disease? 4. What is the cause of the disease? 5. How can a person get ill with Angina Pectoris? 6. What should physical examination include? 7. What other examinations are necessary to make a diagnosis? 8. What should be prescribed? 9. Should a patient be treated at home or in the in-patient department?
V. Read and translate the text: ANGINA PECTORIS Angina pectoris, commonly known as angina, is chest pain due to ischemia (a lack of blood, thus a lack of oxygen supply and waste removal) of the heart muscle, generally due to obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries (the heart's blood vessels). Coronary artery disease, the main cause of angina, is due to atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries. Most patients with angina complain of chest discomfort rather than actual pain: the discomfort is usually described as a pressure, heaviness, squeezing, or burning sensation. Apart from chest discomfort, anginal pains may also be experienced in the epigastrium (upper central abdomen), back, neck area, jaw, or shoulders. Major risk factors are: Age (≥ 55 years for men, ≥ 65 for women), Cigarette smoking, Diabetes mellitus, Hypertension, Kidney disease, Obesity. Conditions that exacerbate or provoke angina are: Medications, vasodilators, excessive thyroid replacement, vasoconstrictors. Angina results when there is an imbalance between the heart's oxygen demand and supply. This imbalance can result from an increase in demand (e.g. during exercise) without a proportional increase in supply (e.g. due to obstruction or atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries).
Case history Patient Maslov (age 47, white male) was admitted to the in-patient department at 18.35 on the 4th July. The patient complained of pain in the chest. He had been suffering from pain of various intensity in the chest and behind the breastbone for several weeks. The patient noted the pain to radiate to the left shoulder and down the arm. The patient also observed the pain have been growing worse on moving and on physical exertion. He stated that it frequently began suddenly at night during sleep. During the attacks of pain he was covered with cold perspiration and his face was pale. The incidence of attacks was frequently associated with the physical and mental overstrain. On physical examination the doctor revealed areas of very sensitive skin from the 7th cervical vertebra to the 5th upper thoracic one. On percussion, palpation and auscultation of the heart no significant abnormality was revealed. The electrocardiogram taken during the attacks showed a disturbance in the blood flow. The most important readings of the electrocardiogram were either diminished or deviated. By having repeated the electrocardiogram after the end of the attack the cardiologist found the adequate readings of the electrocardiogram to return to normal ones. During the attacks of moderate pain no changes in the peripheral blood or elevation of body temperature were noted. However the temperature rose significantly and there was an accompanying slight leukocytosis when the attacks of pain were particularly severe. The doctor made the diagnosis of angina pectoris with a severe course. Its main cause was atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries.
V. Translate the words into English using lexics from the text: Фізичне навантаження, стенокардія, судино-звужуючі препарати, поставити діагноз, закупорка судин, потіння, спровокувати захворювання, супроводжуватися біллю, судино-розширюючі препарати, психічне навантаження, відчувати дискомфорт, частота приступів, визначити (4 синоніма), постачання кисню, порушення кровообігу, погіршити стан здоров’я, зменшуватися (3 синоніма), видалення продуктів розпаду, підвищуватися (3 синоніма), причина хвороби, тиснучий біль, викликати захворювання, приводити до захворювання, погіршуватися.
VI. Continue the sentences according to the text: 1. Ischemia of the heart muscle is …….. 2. Coronary artery disease is due to …….. 3. Most patients with angina complain of ……. 4. The patient admitted to the in-patient department complained of ……. 5. The patient had pains in …….. 6. The pain radiates to ……. 7. The pain becomes worse …….. 8. The pain could also begin suddenly …… 9. During the attacks he …….. 10. The following examinations were made …… 11. Physical examination revealed……. 12. During the attacks the body temperature was ….. 13. The cause of angina pectoris was ……
VII. Answer the questions to the text: 1. What disease is angina pectoris? 2. What are the causes of angina? 3. What do most patients with angina complain of? 4. What is the character of pain in angina? 5. What are major risk factors? 6. What are the conditions that exacerbate or provoke angina? 7. What conditions of patient’s health result in angina?
VIII. Fill in the table with appropriate translation of the words and terms:
IX. Fill in the patient’s case history with all necessary information from the text:
X. Choose the appropriate continuation of the sentence: 1. For several days patient had been suffering from …. A) pains behind the breastbone. B) severe attacks of cough. 2. It was revealed that the patient had areas of sensitive skin … a) over the anterior surface of the chest from the 2nd to the 4th rib. B) from the 7th cervical vertebra to the 5th upper thoracic one. 3. As the condition of the patient had been gradually improving his temperature …… considerably (reduced, rose). 4. Severe attacks of angina pectoris are accompanied by …. A) pain radiating down the back. B) pain radiating down the arm. 5. If the patient is suffering from rheumatic endocarditis, his pulse becomes …. on physical exertion. (accelerated, slow) 6. Partial arrest of blood circulation often results in …. to brain cells. (the recovery, the damage)
XI. Translate Russian words in brackets into English: 1. Last year for several weeks the patient had been suffering from constant cardiac pain (яка поширюється вздовж лівого боку). 2. (Порушення кровотоку) was revealed by examination. 3. After a course of (відповідні ин’єкції) the patient stated that the cardiac pain considerably (уменьшилась). 4. (Фізичне та психічне навантаження) increases the incidence of heart attacks in patients with angina pectoris. 5. During the attacks of pain the temperature rose significantly and (супроводжувалася легким лейкоцитозом). 6. The incidence of attacks (було пов’язано з) high blood pressure.
XII. Rewrite sentences using Complex Object and translate them into Russian: 1. The physician considered that the incidence of heart attack is associated with the nervous overstrain. 2. The doctor tells me that I should undergo antibiotic treatment. 3. We noticed that the pain in angina pectoris had been eliminated by the use of nitroglycerin. 4. They have observed that the direct association between infarctions and the nerves occurs only at the age-group of patients over 40. 5. Cardiologists have observed that patients with angina pectoris have no clinical manifestations until the 1st attack. 6. The professor thinks that the post-operative cause of the patient will be uneventful.
XIII. Combine two sentences into one using Complex Object. He saw two men. They were looking for something on the floor. – He saw two men looking for something on the floor.
1. The watched the doctor. He was examining their son. 2. The needle fell on the floor. We saw it. 3. The patient was moaning all night long. The nurse heard it. 4. He is a very experienced surgeon. Everybody knows it. 5. He will be well again soon. His friends expect that. 6. We have to do all the exercises in writing. Our teacher insisted on it. 7. We could use our dictionaries at the test. The teacher allowed us to do it. XIV. Translate into English using Complex Object: 1. Медсестра чула, як пацієнт у палаті № 8 кашляв усю ніч. 2. Ми бачили, як данні ЕКГ повільно змінювалися. 3. Студенти спостерігали, як лікар прослуховував серце хворого. 4. Лікарь очікував, що порушення кровообігу буде усунено після призначення атропіну. 5. Пацієнт сказав, що підвищення температури тіла супроводжувалося потовідділенням. 6. Вони ніколи не чули, щоб цей пацієнт скаржився.
XV. Put verbs in brackets into the correct form. Last year my father (to be) ill with angina pectoris. He (to admit) to the in-patient department in a very poor condition. He (to experience) acute pain in the substernal area for 5 days. After he (to undergo) all examinations and several ECG (to take), doctor (to make) a diagnosis of angina pectoris which (to cause) by obstruction of coronary arteries. The cardiologist (to administer) him an adequate treatment. To relieve pain my father (to give) the course of injections. My father (to stay) in the hospital for 2 weeks and now he (to follow-up) at the out-patient department. His condition already considerably (to improve) and soon he (to return) to work again. XVI. Make questions to underlined words: 1. The patient complained of pain in the chest. 2. The patient had been suffering from pain in the substernal area. 3. During the attacks of pain he was covered with cold perspiration. 4. The surgeons have already finished the operation. 5. Attacks of angina pectoris are accompanied by severe pain. 6. The usage of nitroglycerin eliminates the pain in angina pectoris.
XVII. Explain the following words in 5 sentences: Atherosclerosis, angina pectoris, blood, artery.
TEST 1. What is angina pectoris? a) Heart failure b) chest pain c) heart attack d) chest discomfort
2. Angina pectoris is due to…. a) heart failure b) ischemia c) disturbance in blood flow d) atherosclerosis
3. What is ischemia? a) a lack of oxygen supply and waste removal b) heart failure c) imbalance between the heart's oxygen demand and supply d) all variants
4. Major risk factors are: ……. a) Diabetes mellitus, Hypertension. b) obstruction of coronary arteries c) a cold and pneumonia d) insufficient physical activities
5. Conditions that exacerbate or provoke angina are: …. a) Medications, vasodilators, vasoconstrictors b) Mental and physical overstrain c) thrombosis of a coronary artery d) indulgence in alcohol
6. Patients with angina may experience ….. a) pains in abdomen b) general malaise and fatigue c) pains in the left arm and shoulder d) pains behind the breastbone
7. The main examinations in angina pectoris are….. a) blood analyses b) ECG c) X-ray d) encephalogram
8. The incidence of attacks is frequently associated with …… a) physical and mental overstrain b) the use of vasodilators c) spasms of coronary arteries d) dietary changes
9. Medications, vasodilators, vasoconstrictors ….. angina. a) contribute b)serve c) prevent d) exacerbate
10. The electrocardiogram taken during the attacks showed ….. a) elevation of blood pressure b) a disturbance in the blood flow c) atherosclerosis d) all variants are true
Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers – Шлункові та дванадцятипалові виразки
Exercise l. Topic Vocabulary Ulcer - виразка Sore - виразка, ранка Lesion [‘li: Zn] - ушкодження, ураження To contribute (to) - сприяти To weaken - ослаблювати Susceptible - чутливий Recurrence [ri’k'^rens] - рецидив (повернення хвороби) Aggravate - погіршувати, посилювати (біль) Consumption - споживання Vulnerable [`v^lnǝ rǝ bl] - уразливий, чутливий Gnawing (pain) [no: iƞ ] - ниючий (біль) Belching - відрижка Nausea [‘no: sia, -zis] - нудота Vomiting - блювання (рвота) Tarry stool - дьогтеподібний стул Perforation - прорив, перфорація Obstruction - непрохідність, закупорювання
Exercise 2. Give the Ukrainian equivalents to the given word-combinations A lesion on the skin, gastric ulcers, lifestyle factors, to cause a duodenal ulcer, stomach acids, the primary cause, to weaken the stomach protective mucosa, damaging effect of acid, to be more susceptible, the healing process, to contribute to ulcer recurrence, to stimulate acid secretion in the stomach, to aggravate the pain, heavy alcohol consumption, to be vulnerable to the harmful effects of acid, a burning pain, between the breastbone and the navel, belching and nausea, to avoid spicy foods, to reduce the amount of acid in the stomach, to prevent ulcers from recurring
GRAMMAR [Nominative Infinitive Construction (Complex Subject)]
This drug is known* to help patients with ulcers. Відомо, що ці ліки допомагають хворим з виразками.
• Verbs to seem, to appear, to prove, to turn out, to happen are used in Active * To be likely (схоже на me, ймовірно), to be unlikely, to be sure, to be certain are often used with Complex Subject
Exercise 3. Translate into Ukrainian 1) Some lifestyle factors are thought to cause ulcers. 2) Specific bacteria are considered to be the primary cause of gastric ulcers. 3) Gastritis is known to be an inflammatory process in the stomach. 4) Caffeine seems to aggravate the pain of an existing ulcer. 4) Heavy alcohol consumption is likely to play a role in the development of stomach or duodenal ulcers. 5) Smoking is known to slow the healing process of ulcers. 6) Complications are likely to be caused by profuse bleeding. 7) Some drugs proved to make the stomach vulnerable to the harmful effects of gastric acid. 8) Emotional stress is no longer thought to be the primary cause of ulcers. 9) Patients with duodenal ulcer were found to be too nervous.
Exercise 4. Read the text and write out the key words Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers An ulcer is an open sore, or lesion, usually found on the skin or mucous membrane areas of the body. When the ulcer is in the stomach, it is called a gastric ulcer. When the ulcer is in the duodenum, it is called a duodenal ulcer. In the past lifestyle factors, such as stress and diet, were believed to cause ulcers. Later, researchers determined that stomach acids contributed to ulcer formation. Today, research shows that most ulcers (80 percent of gastric ulcers and 90 percent of duodenal ulcers) develop as a result of infection with a bacterium called Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori). Although all three of these factors — lifestyle, stomach acid and H. pylori — are believed to play a role in ulcer development, H. pylori is considered to be the primary cause. Factors suspected of playing a role in the development of stomach or duodenal ulcers are: Helicobacter pylori. The bacterium produces substances that weaken the stomach's protective mucosa and make it more susceptible to the damaging effects of acid and pepsin. Smoking. Smoking increases the chances of getting an ulcer, slows the healing process of existing ulcers, and contributes to ulcer recurrence. Caffeine. Caffeine seems to stimulate acid secretion in the stomach, which can aggravate the pain of an existing ulcer Alcohol. Ulcers are often linked to heavy alcohol consumption. Stress. Although emotional stress is no longer thought to be a cause of ulcers, people with ulcers often report that emotional stress increases ulcer pain. Acid and pepsin. The stomach's inability to defend itself against gastric acids - hydrochloric acid and pepsin - is believed to contribute to ulcer formation. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. These drugs (such as aspirin, ibuprofen. and others) make the stomach vulnerable to the harmful effects of acid and pepsin. The most common ulcer symptom is a gnawing or burning pain in the abdomen between the breastbone and the navel. The pain often occurs between meals and early in the morning. It may last from a few minutes to a few hours. Less common ulcer symptoms include belching, nausea, vomiting, bloody or dark tarry stools, poor appetite, loss of weight, malaise, and fatigue. People with ulcers may experience serious complications. The most common problems include bleeding, perforation, narrowing and obstruction of intestinal opening, peritonitis. Recommended treatment may include: Lifestyle changes. People with ulcers should avoid spicy, fatty, or acidic foods. Smoking has been shown to delay ulcer healing and has been linked to ulcer recurrence; therefore, people with ulcers should not smoke. Medications. Gastric and duodenal ulcers are treated with several types of medications to reduce the amount of acid in the stomach. When treating H. pylori, these medications are often used in combination with antibiotics. Surgery. In most cases, anti-ulcer medicines heal ulcers quickly and effectively, and eradication of H. pylori prevents most ulcers from recurring. However, people who do not respond to medication or who develop complications may require surgery.
Exercise 4. Complete the sentences and answer them 1 What ulcers are called...? 2 What lifestyle factors were believed...? 3 What is the... cause of ulcers? 4 How does H. pylori affect the stomach and cause...? 5 Why does smoking play a role in...? 6... increases ulcer pain? 7 What complications...? 8... should people with ulcers avoid? 9 What types of medications...? 10 When may a surgical operation...?
Exercise 5. Look through the text and find out expressions synonymic to the given ones The major cause, to make pain worse, bad effects, acid production, to decrease the amount of acid, alcohol intake, need the operation, hemorrhage, medicines for ulcer.
Exercise 6. What ulcer symptoms are described below? 1 the feeling of being about to vomit; 2 expelling wind from the stomach noisily through the mouth; 3 a general feeling of being unwell; 4 the reflex action of ejecting the content of the stomach through the mouth; 5 mental or physical tiredness; 6 the creation of a hole in the intestines Exercise 7. Fill in the table “Gastric and duodenal ulcers”
Exercise 8. Finish the sentence using Complex Subject а) спричиняються різними факторами; б) характеризуються ниючим або гострим болем у верхній частині живота; Gastric and duodenal ulcers are known... в) призводять до внутрішнькровотечі; г) часто розвиваються у курців; д) часто пов'язані з надмірним вживанням алкоголю; е) лікуються швидко та ефективно; є) викликають нудоту, відрижку, блювання
Exercise 9. Change the sentences using Complex Subject 1 It is known that spring and autumn are those seasons when the patients with ulcer suffer from the recurrence of the disease. 2 It is considered that constant fatigue, the lesion of the nervous system and past diseases contribute to the onset of gastritis. 3 It has been found that gastric and duodenal ulcers develop more frequently in men than in women. 4 It is considered that too hot or too cold food contributes to the development of gastric disorders. 5 It is known that excessive amount of gastric acids causes irritation of the stomach mucosa. 6 It was supposed that complications were caused by profuse haemorrhage. 7 It is likely that the patient has obstruction of intestinal opening. 8 It is observed that in severe forms of gastritis acid secretion is completely reduced.
Exercise 10.* Compose a case history of the patient with ulcer. Use the given expressions Patient B. was admitted.... He/she complained of... On physical examination... Analyses of gastric juice... Stool tests... The endoscopic examination... The patient was administered... The course of the disease was... The patient was recommended... The patient was discharged... test 1. Smoking … a) speeds up the healing of ulcers; b) facilitates the ulcer healing; c) prevents ulcer recurrence
2. Aspirin makes the stomach … a) bloody; b) harmful; c) vulnerable
3. The most common ulcer symptom is a … pain in the abdomen between the breastbone and the navel. a) gnawing or burning; b) throbbing or pressing; c) sharp or irradiating
4. The treatment of ulcers includes medications … a) preventing the production of gastric juice; b) reducing the amount of gastric acids; c) contributing to pepsin production
5. Gastric and duodenal ulcers develop more frequently in …. a) children; b) women; c) men
6. Eradication of H. pylori … most ulcers from recurring. a) prevents; b) have prevented; c) prevent
7. Pain may … from a few minutes to a few hours. a) lasting; b) to last; c) last
8. Constant fatigue … to the onset of gastritis. a) consider to contribute; b) is consider to contribute; c) is considered to contribute
9. Anti-ulcer medications are often used in combination … antibiotics. a) to; b) with; c) of
Caffeine stimulates acid secretion in the stomach, … can aggravate the pain of an existing ulcer. a) which; b) what; c) who
ACUTE APPENDICITIS – Гострий апендицит
I. Learn the following words: Infant – ['ɪ nfə nt] - немовля Appendix - [ə 'pendɪ ks] - червоподібний відросток, апендикс Appendicitis - [ə ˌ pendɪ 'saɪ tɪ s] – апендицит Nausea - ['nɔ ː sɪ ə ] - нудота To radiate - ['reɪ dɪ eɪ t] – поширюватися Rupture - ['rʌ pʧ ə ] – розрив Adhesion – [ə d’hi: ʒ ə n] – спайка Occlusion – [ɔ ’klu: ʒ ə n] - закупорка
II. Translate the following sentences: Retention – затримка The retention of urine is one of the clinical manifestations of a kidney disease. Stool – стул, випорожнення The laboratory analysis of the stool failed to reveal any blood. Tenderness – хворобливість The patient complained of a moderate tenderness on palpation. Remove – видаляти The surgeon removed the tumor which had involved the stomach. Mortality – смертність In untreated cases, mortality is high because of the risk of rupture leading to peritonitis.
III. Find definition to the following words:
IV. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian paying attention to Complex Subject: 1) He is considered to be an able student. 2) They were expected to come on time. 3) She appeared to be seriously ill. 4) The doctor is likely to have finished examining him. 5) The weather is reported to get better soon. 6) They are sure to understand us. 7) The children seem to be tired. 8) He happened to come there just at that moment. V. Read and translate the text: ACUTE APPENDICITIS
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Definition
