Additional exercisesWhat does food contain? 1. Pre-reading activities: 1) What are the ingredients of healthy food? 2) Where can we find and why do we need carbohydrates/vitamins/protein/fiber/ minerals/water? 2. A good diet is believed to be crucial for the proper growth and functioning of our bodies. Make sure you know the functions of essential nutritional elements such as proteins, carbohydrates, fats and oils, vitamins, minerals and water. What products are rich in these elements? Read the text and fill in the gaps with the words from the box. [Milk and hard cheese; rice, wheat, corn, and potatoes; meat, especially liver, egg yolks, and dark green vegetables; beans, peas, nuts, bread, and cereals; fruits; meat, fish, poultry, milk, and eggs; peanut butter with whole-grain bread or rice with beans; leafy greens, nuts, and small fishes such as sardines with bones that can be eaten; cereal and milk or macaroni and cheese]. Nutrition is the way our bodies take in and use food to maintain proper functioning, and is the foundation of good health. Food contains proteins, carbohydrates, fats, water, vitamins, and minerals. If diet is consistently deficient in any of these nutrients, health is impaired and disease may result. Proteins, composed of amino acids (the basic building blocks), are indispensable in the diet. They build, maintain, and repair the body. Without dietary protein, growth and all bodily functions would cease. Proteins are the main material of all of the body's tissues. Protein is the body's most plentiful substance except for water and, possibly, fat. Animal foods such as (1) ____ are rich in protein. Good plant sources of protein are (2) _____. Combining in the diet plant sources, such as (3) ____ provides excellent protein. So does combining in the diet plant and animal sources such as (4) ____. Carbohydrates provide energy for body functions and activity by supplying immediate calories. This is accomplished by the transformation by the body of carbohydrates into glucose, the main sugar in the blood and the body's basic fuel. Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and in muscle as glycogen. The body transforms glycogen in the liver into glucose for release into the bloodstream when it is needed for energy. Carbohydrate-rich foods are the main dietary sources of protein for most of the world. (5) ____ are common rich sources of carbohydrates. Sugars are not essential foods. They provide energy (calories) but no nutrients. Occasional sweets are not harmful to a healthy, active person, but excessive sugar in the diet can lead to tooth decay when eaten between meals, especially in sticky snack foods that cling to the teeth. Fats and oils (which are liquid fats) provide energy by furnishing calories to the body, and by carrying Vitamins A, D, E and K. They are the most concentrated source of energy in the diet. In addition to storing energy, fats are necessary to maintain healthy skin and hair, regulate levels of cholesterol in the blood and to supply " essential" fatty acids (those the body cannot make and must get from food). They cushion vital organs, make up part of all body cells and maintain body temperature. Fats also delay pangs of hunger because a food mixture containing fat remains longer in the stomach. Water dissolves and transports other nutrients throughout the body, aiding the processes of digestion, absorption, circulation, and excretion, and also helps regulate body temperature. The body needs to replace 2'/2 to 3 quarts of water every day to perform these functions. Without replenishment of fresh water, we will die in a few days. In order to live, every cell in the body must be bathed in water. Water makes up about 60 percent of an adult's body weight. Requirements for water in the diet are met in many ways. For example, most (6) ____ are more than 90 percent water. Vitamins are organic substances your body needs to function properly. They help process other nutrients, and help form red blood cells, hormones, genetic material and chemicals in your nervous system. We need very small amounts of vitamins — about l/ teaspoon a day. The discovery of vitamins began early in the 20th century. It is likely that some still are undiscovered. The diet with a wide variety of foods ensures getting enough vitamins whether or not they are identified. All living things need vitamins for growth and health. The body either cannot manufacture them at all or cannot normally manufacture them in sufficient amounts, and so must absorb them from food. Minerals are neither animal nor vegetable; they are inorganic. Almost all foods contribute to a varied intake of essential minerals. Most minerals are contained in the diet in quantities required by the body. A major exception is iron for children under age 4 and adolescent girls and women in the childbearing years. These groups need more iron than a normal diet may provide. Iron helps to build red blood cells. It also helps the blood carry oxygen from the lungs to each body cell. Rich sources of iron are (7) ____. Everyone at every age needs calcium. This mineral builds bones and teeth, and it is necessary for blood clotting. The best sources are (8) ____. Other dietary sources are (9) ____ Phosphorus works with calcium to make strong bones and teeth. A diet that furnishes enough protein and calcium also provides enough phosphorus. Other important minerals are sodium, potassium, iodine, magnesium, zinc, and copper. 3 Now test yourself. Are you aware of how your food contributes to your health? 1. What nutrients are the main sources of energy? a. minerals b. carbohydrates c. proteins d. fats 2. Both... participate in regulating body temperature. a. fats b. vitamins c. proteins d. water 3. Some... help to make strong bones and teeth. a. vitamins b. carbohydrates c. minerals d. proteins 4. The nutrients are transported throughout the body by ____. a. oils b. water c. minerals d. carbohydrates 5. ____ prevent all bodily functions from stopping. a. water b. proteins c. fats d. oils 6. The transformation of ___ into glucose provides the body with its basic fuel a. carbohydrates b. oils c. minerals d. proteins 7. You won't feel hungry for long if you eat something rich in.... a. fats b. proteins c. minerals d. vitamins
Sport Study vocabulary: Sport • amateur/recreational sport • professional sport • spectator sport — a sport that attracts many spectators: football, basketball, baseball, etc. • spectacular sport — thrilling, dramatic, making a very fine display or show • sports equipment/shop/club/field • sportsmanship
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