Channel TunnelSince 1802 there have been various proposals to connect the British and French coasts separated by the English Channel (or La Manche as they call it in France). For several reasons, these proposals were rejected. Only in the late 1980s, it became possible to realize the dearest wish of the Europeans. Construction Tunneling between England and France was a major engineering challenge. Fifteen thousand workers were employed to accomplish this unprecedented project. The prime contractor for the construction was the Anglo-French TransManche Link, a consortium of 10 construction companies and 5 banks of the two countries. Tunneling started in 1988 and lasted for two years. Tunneling operations were conducted simultaneously from the French and British coasts. The tunnelling companies were Graham Fagg of the United Kingdom and Philippe Cozette of France, and they achieved a tunneling rate of 426 m in one week. A total of 7 million tons of spoil were excavated. Engineers used large tunnel boring machines (TBMs) that combined drilling, material removal, and the process of shoring up the soft tunnel walls with a concrete liner. The French side used five tunnel boring machines, the English side used six. In contrast to the English machines, which were simply given alphanumeric1 names, the French tunneling machines were all named after women: Brigitte, Europa, Catherine, Virginie, Pascaline, Sé verine. In December 1990, the French and British TBMs met in the middle. Later, the French TBM was dismantled while the UK TBM was simply turned aside and abandoned2. The tunnel was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II and French President Franç ois Mitterrand in a ceremony held in Calais (France) on May 6, 1994. But it did not go into full operation until December 1994. The Channel Tunnel consists of three parallel tunnels: • two 7.6-metre diameter rail tunnels, 30 metres apart, 50 kilometres in length; • a 4.8-metre diameter service tunnel between the two main tunnels. By means of passages, it is connected to the main tunnels at regular intervals. It allows maintenance workers to access the tunnel complex and provides a safe route for escape during emergencies. The Channel Tunnel is one of the world’s most famous tunnels. It is 50 km long, of which 39 m are undersea. The average depth is 45 m underneath the seabed. Operation Four types of train services operate on the Tunnel: • Eurostar, a high speed passenger service. This connects London with Paris and Brussels. • Eurotunnel shuttle train s. These carry cars, coaches, and vans; passengers stay with their vehicles. It takes about eight minutes to roll the vehicle onto the railcar. • Eurotunnel freight shuttle trains. These carry trucks on open railcars, with the lorry drivers traveling in separate passenger coaches. Freight shuttles can carry 28 automobiles. • Eurotunnel freight trains. These trains carry conventional rail freight or containerized freight between Great Britain and the Continent. In 2008, over 9 million passengers traveled through the tunnel on Eurostar and 7 million people on shuttle trains. Rail freight carried through the Channel Tunnel was over 15 million tons in 2008. A journey through the tunnel by Eurostar lasts about 20 minutes; a shuttle train journey totals about 35 minutes. Each train travels at 130 km/h when under the sea. The construction of the Channel Tunnel was not only an unheard-of engineering challenge but also one of the most expensive projects – the total costs were around £ 10 billion. The American Society of Civil Engineers has declared the tunnel to be one of the modern Seven Wonders of the World.
Notes: 1alphanumeric – алфавитно-цифровой; 2was turned aside and abandoned – зд: отвезли подальше от тоннеля и забросили.
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