STEP 1Особенности перевода конструкций страдательного залога
Страдательный залог употребляется в тех случаях, когда неизвестно, кто совершает действие, или этому не придается значения. Иногда в предложении указан агент действия, в таком случае употребляется предложный оборот с предлогами by или with, которые переводятся на русский язык: с помощью, посредством или дополнением в творительном падеже без предлога.
Например: These deductions are tested by experiment. Эти предположения проверены опытным путем (путем эксперимента).
На русский язык страдательные конструкции переводятся следующими способами:
- формой страдательного залога в соответствующем времени:
Molecules are divided into atoms. Молекулы делятся на атомы.
- возвратной формой глагола (окончания -ся; -сь) в соответствующем времени:
The experiments were made to confirm the hypothesis. Опыты проводились для того, чтобы подтвердить гипотезу.
- неопределенно-личной формой глагола действительного залога:
The experiment was made with great care. Опыт проводили с большой осторожностью.
- личной формой глагола (если указано лицо, производящее действие или с помощью чего действие было произведено, т.е. дополнение с предлогом by или with):
These papers were written by the same author. Эти работы писал тот же автор.
Подлежащее при сказуемом в страдательном залоге следует переводить дополнением:
- в дательном падеже после глаголов:
to advise - советовать, to assist - помогать, to give - давать, to forbid - запрещать, to help - помогать, to inform - сообщать, to oppose - противостоять, to order приказывать, to permit - разрешать, to precede - предшествовать, to promise - обещать, to send - посылать, to show - показывать, to tell рассказывать, сказать:
We were informed about the results of the last experiment. Нам сообщили о результатах последнего опыта.
She was advised to take part in the conference. Ей посоветовали принять участие в конференции.
- в винительном падеже после глаголов:
to ask – просить, спрашивать, to avoid - избегать, to oppose - противостоять, to send - послать, to see - видеть, to teach - учить:
The students were asked to bring the drawings for the next seminar. Студентов попросили принести чертежи к следующему семинару.
His theory was opposed by many scientists. Многие ученые были против его теории.
- в творительном падеже после глаголов: to admire - любоваться, to ignore – игнорировать, не обращать внимания, to own - владеть:
This meeting can not be ignored. Нельзя пренебрегать этой встречей.
Ряд английских глаголов употребляется в сочетании с предлогом, который сохраняется в страдательном залоге:
to account for – объяснять, учитывать; to adhere to – придерживаться чего-либо; to bring about - вызывать, осуществлять; to call for – требовать; to comment on – комментировать; to deal with - рассматривать, разбирать; to improve on – улучшать; to listen to – слушать; to refer to as - называть, именовать; to touch upon – касаться, рассматривать, затрагивать; to wait for – ждать.
. В этом случае английское подлежащее с относящимся к нему и глаголу-сказуемому предлогом переводится дополнением с соответствующим предлогом, а сказуемое – неопределенно-личной формой глагола:
These lines were commented upon in the previous paragraph. Эти строки комментировались в предыдущем абзаце.
He is often referred to as the founder of this school. Его часто называют основателем этой школы.
Atoms are ultimate particles the molecules are divided into. Атомы являются мельчайшими частицами, на которые делятся молекулы.
This data can be relied on. На эти данные можно положиться.
Перевод страдательного залога, выраженного сочетанием глагола с существительным, имеет свои особенности:
- подлежащим становится существительное, входящее в сочетание:
The emphasis was put on the industrial use of the new method. Было подчеркнуто значение промышленного использования нового метода.
- в роли подлежащего может выступить существительное или местоимение, которое является предложным дополнением ко всему сочетанию:
All possible attempts were made to avoid unpleasant circumstances of their mistake. Было предпринято все возможное, чтобы избежать неприятные последствия их ошибки.
Перевод безличных конструкций не представляет особых трудностей. Вот самые употребительные безличные конструкции в страдательном залоге:
It is known that… Известно, что…
It is said by the scientists that Ученые считают, что…
It is known about him that… О нем известно, что…
It cannot be denied that… Нельзя отрицать, что…
Let it be stressed that… Следует подчеркнуть, что…
It was considered possible that… Считали возможным, что…
Безличные конструкции в функции вводного члена предложения могут употребляться без вводного it или с ним:
The material, it will be observed, contains many examples of the kind. Как можно заметить, материал содержит много примеров такого рода.
As is readily seen from the results of the experiment, this method can be widely applied on the industrial scale. Как явствует из результатов опыта, этот метод может широко применяться в промышленности.
Exercise 1. Identify the passive constructions in the following sentences, translate them into Russian and explain the principles you based on in your translation:
1. This term is used to describe a newly developed electronic device. 2. Care was taken not to overburden the paper with too many quotations. 3. This opportunity should not be lost sight of. 4. The distribution of plants is greatly affected by local conditions. 5. The big names in ferrous metals were established long ago. 6. It is possible however, that too much emphasis has been placed upon this factor. 7. It was thought useful to apply this method here. 8. Further progress in metallurgy was tightly linked with the invention of electric arc furnace. 9. A word or two may be said as to the plan upon which the report is constructed. 10. He was admired not only for his technical skill but also for his ability to attract people. 11. Steel production is generally subdivided into two main production routes: integral (by iron ore) and electric (by scrap iron) steelmaking. 12. Engineering is often defined as making practical application of theoretical sciences such as physics and mathematics. 13. The great engineering works of ancient times were constructed and operated largely by slave labour. 14. Data is collected and converted into a form suitable for computer processing by means of input hardware. 15. There is often a special sequence of procedures which is involved in the establishment of the working principles of science. 16. The directive dated 24 September 1996 and titled “Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control” has been in force since 1999, whilst the plants in operation must be in conformity with it not before October 2007. 17. First steam engines and then other kinds of machines took over more and more of the work that had previously been done by men or animals. 18. As is readily seen, the problems and questions in regard to this subject are far more numerous than solutions. 19. The matter, in which the various individual systems are connected – by phone lines, microwave transmission, or satellite – is an element of the total computer system. 20. Difficulties are often met with in solving the systems of automatic control. 21. The rearrangement of atoms into new molecules is accompanied by the liberation or absorption of heat. 22. Special attention should be paid to the problem of direct conversion of energy into electricity. 23. At present scientists are engaged in research into friction and wear-and-tear resistance. 24. Metallurgists studying a new class of aluminium alloys have produced a very durable alloy which is being used in aircraft and rocket engineering. 25. Earth movements were felt across a wide area of the South Pacific from Fiji to Northern New Zeland. Exercise 2. Translate the following sentences into Russian paying attention to all possible variants of translation of subjects and predicates: 1. Efforts were made to elucidate the problem. 2. The positive particle of the nucleus was given the name of “proton”. 3. It is to be remembered that these data come from different sources. 4. The positive particle of the nucleus was given the name of “proton”. 5. A new type of advanced electronic equipment which is now being introduced at many metallurgical plants is given much attention to. 6. In the arrangement known as the periodic system the elements are distributed in nine vertical columns which are called groups. 7. The entire question cannot be here discussed, but attention should be called to the fact that early metal workers were very skillful in forging. 8. The first two years of studies the students are aimed at general education, comprising humanities, social, political and natural sciences. 9. The pronunciation of a few English words was affected by French, for example “machine” or “police”. 10. The method we are describing here is one that is followed by many producers. 11. As is readily seen, the problems and questions in regard to this subject are far more numerous than solutions. 12. It has been estimated that the results of his invention will bring to the economy of raw material. 13. In Italy alone, approximately 2 million t of slag is generated by electric steel production. 14. The molecules of even a good insulator are reacted upon by an electrical field. 15. The function of a system is influenced by variations in its intake of energy or changes in its environment. 16. International students are admitted to a specific level in a particular field of study at the University, and are not generally allowed to change their plan of study after arrival. 17. A physical state of a substance is affected by its temperature as a substance gets hotter, its molecules move faster and its properties are altered. 18. The difference between analog and digital data is not clearly understood, but it can be demonstrated. 19. Oxygen is found in the protoplasm of all living organisms and is essential for respiration.
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