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a) … Australia, officially … Commonwealth of Australia, is … country comprising the mainland of … Australian continent, … island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands. It is … world's sixth-largest country by total area. Neighbouring countries include … Indonesia, … East Timor and … Papua New Guinea to … north; … Solomon Islands, … Vanuatu and … New Caledonia to … north-east; and … New Zealand to … south-east.

… Australia is … developed country and one of … wealthiest in … world, with … world's 12th-largest economy. In 2012 … Australia had … world's fifth-highest per capita income, … Australia's military expenditure is … world's 13th-largest. With … second-highest human development index globally, … Australia ranks highly in many international comparisons of national performance, such as quality of life, health, education, economic freedom, and the protection of civil liberties and political rights. … Australia is … member of many international organizations, for example, … United Nations.

 

b) … New Zealand is … constitutional monarchy with … parliamentary democracy, although its … constitution is not codified. … Elizabeth II is … Queen of … New Zealand and … head of state. … Queen is represented by … Governor-General, whom she appoints on the advice of … Prime Minister. … Governor-General can exercise the Crown's prerogative powers, such as reviewing cases of injustice and making appointments of ministers, ambassadors and other key public officials. … powers of … Queen and … Governor-General are limited by constitutional constraints and they cannot normally be exercised without the advice of Cabinet.

… New Zealand Parliament holds legislative power and consists of … Queen and … House of Representatives. It also included … upper house, … Legislative Council, until this was abolished in 1950. The supremacy of Parliament, over … Crown and other government institutions, was established in … England by … Bill of Rights 1689 and has been ratified as law in … New Zealand. … House of Representatives is democratically elected and … Government is formed from … party or coalition with the majority of seats. If no majority is formed a minority government can be formed if support from other parties during confidence and supply votes is assured. … Governor-General appoints … ministers under advice from … Prime Minister, who is by convention the Parliamentary leader of the governing party or coalition. Cabinet, formed by ministers and led by … Prime Minister, is … highest policy-making body in government and responsible for deciding significant government actions. By convention, members of cabinet are bound by collective responsibility to decisions made by cabinet.

 

c) … New Zealand is made up of two main islands and … number of smaller islands, located near … centre of the water hemisphere. … two main islands (the North Island and the South Island) are separated by … Cook Strait, 22 km wide at its … narrowest point. Besides the North and South Islands, … five largest inhabited islands are … Stewart Island, … Chatham Islands, … Great Barrier Island (in … Hauraki Gulf), … d'Urville Island (in … Marlborough Sounds) and … Waiheke Island (about 22 km (14 mi) from central Auckland).

… South Island is … largest landmass of … New Zealand, and is divided along its length by … Southern Alps. There are 18 peaks over 3,000 metres (9,800 ft), … highest of which is … Aoraki / Mount Cook at 3,754 metres (12,316 ft).

 

d) … University of Oxford (informally … Oxford University or simply …Oxford) is … collegiate research university located in … Oxford, … England.

While …Oxford has no known date of foundation, there is some evidence of teaching as far back as 1096, making it … oldest university in … English-speaking world, and … world's second-oldest surviving university. It grew rapidly from 1167 when Henry II banned English students from attending … University of Paris. After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics fled northeast to … Cambridge, where they established what became … University of Cambridge. The two "ancient universities" are frequently jointly referred to as "Oxbridge".

… University is made up from … variety of institutions, including 38 constituent colleges and … full range of academic departments which are organised into four Divisions. Most undergraduate teaching at … Oxford is organised around weekly tutorials at the self-governing colleges and halls, supported by classes, lectures and laboratory work provided by university faculties and departments. … Oxford has educated many notable alumni, including 27 Nobel laureates (59 total affiliations), 26 British Prime Ministers (most recently David Cameron) and many foreign heads of state.

 

e) There are … great many islands off shore from … mainland of … United Kingdom. However there are certainly more than 1000, which is quite amazing in itself.

… Isle of Man is situated in … Irish Sea just about equidistance from … Northern Ireland, … Scotland and … England, around 40 miles offshore. The curiously named island, the Calf of Man, lies just to … south.

… Shetland Islands are … group of around 90 islands, of which only 15 are inhabited, lying around 100 miles north of … Scottish north east coast.

… Foulness Island is … fairly large, flat island at … mouth of … River Crouch in … Essex. It was once suggested as … location for … third airport for … London.

 

f) … River Thames flows through … southern England. It is … longest river entirely in … England and … second longest in … United Kingdom, after … River Severn.

On its … way, it passes through … London, … country's capital, where … river is deep and navigable to ships; … Thames drains … whole of Greater London.

… river gives its … name to three informal areas: … Thames Valley, … region of … England around … river between … Oxford and … west London; … Thames Gateway; and … greatly overlapping Thames Estuary around the tidal Thames to … east of … London and including the waterway itself.

Two canals link … river to other river basins: … Kennet and Avon Canal and … Grand Union Canal, westward and northward respectively.