SHAPING PUBLIC OPINIONIn many areas of the world, governments determine which, opinions their citizens may or may not (express). People who (assert) views that their rulers do not approve of may (subject) to imprisonment - or worse. Citizens of western democracies (be) fortunate to live in nations where freedom of opinion and expression generally (take) for granted. Freedom of opinion, however, does not mean that all ideas and opinions (flourish). Both private groups and the government itsel today attempt (influence) which opinions do (take) hold in the publi imagination. Few ideas (spread) spontaneously. Usually, whether they (be) matters of fashion, science, or politics, ideas must vigorousl (promote) to become widely (know) and (accept). For example, the clothing, sports and entertainment fads that occasionally seem (appear) from nowhere and sweep the country before (replace) bji some new trend are almost always the product of careful marketing campaigns by some commercial interests, rather than spontaneoui phenomenon. Even in the sciences, (consider) the bastions of objectivity, new theories not always (accept) simply on their own merit. Often, the proponents of a new practice must (campaign) within the scientific community on behalf of their views. Like their counterparts in fashion and science, successful or at least widely (hold) political ideas (be) the products of carefully (orchestrate) campaigns by government or by (organize) groups and interests, Hither than the results of spontaneous popular enthusiasm. Ex. 9. Explain different uses of 'should' and translate the sentences into Russian 1 The idea that political systems can and should be judged by their material performance is a familiar one..'. Communitarian theorists argue that the 'politics of rights' should be replaced by a 'politics of the common good'. <. Dominant party systems should not be confused with the one-party systems, although they may at times exhibit similar characteristics. ■I. Intraparty democracy implies that there should, be broad participation in the election of leaders and selection of candidates, and in the policy formulation. i Once elected, representatives should think for themselves and exercise independent judgement. (' That event wasn't mentioned in the TV coverage because information about it should have been delivered well in advance. The doctrine suggests that voters (should) select governments on the ground of policies and issues. 4 Should they win the election in the first round the country could/would have a one-party government, 'i The idea that representatives should resemble the represented causes a number of problems. П) They suggest that 'strong' government should be understood in terms of popular support and the willingness of citizens to obey and respect the government. Г\. 10. Translate into English, using 'fox' in its different meanings I Нерегулируемая конкуренция осуждается не только за то. что она порождает жадность и конфликты, но и потому, что она неэффективна и непродуктивна. Чтобы политика была принята в обществе, должен существовать высокий уровень согласия в этом обществе (инф. комплекс). Ч тобы процесс политики работал эффективно, переводя надежды в результаты, он должен быть открытым для контроля и критики (инф. комплекс). г 4. Этот подход имеет то преимущество (the merit), что позволяет (to allow for) существование гибкости подходов и выражение различных точек зрения. 5. Чтобы это произошло, необходимо согласие подавляющего большинства членов Палаты представителей. 6. Было бы глупо предполагать, что все решения формируются лишь под давлением чиновников и в свете их видения проблем, ибо/та к как это означало бы игнорирование роли лидеров в истории ('for' в начале предложения). 7. Было бы упрощением утверждать, что чиновники руководствуются только интересами своей карьеры и той организации, в которой они работают, так ка к нельзя сбрасывать со счетов их личные симпатии и индивидуальные цели. 8. Очень трудно отнести Европейский Союз к той или иной политической категории, так как результатом исторического развития стала организация, имеющая черты и межгосударственной и надгосударственной структуры.
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