Студопедия — Types of Software
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Types of Software






 

A computer to complete a job requires more than just the actual equipment or hardware we see and touch. It requires software – programs for directing the operation of a computer or electronic data. Software is the final computer system component. These computer programs instruct the hardware how to conduct processing. The computer is merely a general-purpose machine which requires specific software to perform a given task. Computers can input, calculate, compare, and output data as information. Software determines the order in which these operations are performed. Programs usually fall in one of two categories: system software and applications software.

System software controls standard internal computer activities. An operating system, for example, is a collection of system programs that aid in the operation of a computer regardless of the application software being used. When a computer is first turned on, one of the systems programs is booted or loaded into the computer memory. This software contains information about memory capacity, the model of the processor, the disk drives to be used and more. Once the system software is loaded, the applications software can be brought in. System programs are designed for the specific pieces of hardware. These programs are called drivers and coordinate peripheral hardware and computer activities. User needs to install a specific driver in order to activate a peripheral device. For example, if you intend to buy a printer or a scanner you need to worry in advance about the driver program which, though, commonly goes along with your device. By installing the driver you «teach» your mainboard to «understand» the newly attached part. Applications software satisfies your specific need. The developers of application software rely mostly on marketing research strategies trying to do their best to attract more users (buyers) to their software. As the productivity of the hardware has increased greatly in recent years, the programmers nowadays tend to include as much as possible in one program to make software interface look more attractive to the user. This class of programs is the most numerous and perspective from the marketing point of view. Data communication within and between computers systems is handled by system software. Communications software transfers data from one computer system to another. These programs usually provide users with data security and error checking along with physically transferring data between the two computers’ memories. During the past five years the developing electronic network communication has stimulated more and more companies to produce various communication software, such as Web-Browsers for Internet.

Вариант 2

1. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. A final group of utilities worth mentioning is designed for backing up and cleaning up hard disks.

2. A data base is simply a collection of date that is stored on one or more computers.

3. The operating system must first be loaded into primary storage.

4. Multitasking capabilities were once found only on minicomputers and mainframes.

5. Utility programs monitor how often and how quickly an application program is being executed compared to all the other programs in the system at the same time.

 

2. Перепишите предложения и поставьте глаголы в скобках в нужную видовременную форму. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. Recently it (to estimate) that microcomputers will be as common as TV sets.

2. The desk microcomputers (to divide) into 2 types.

3. Computer software (to call) so to distinguish it from computer hardware.

4. Software (or firmware) also (to use) in video games

5. The term "software" first (to use) in this sense by John W. Tukey in 1958.

 

3. Перепишите предложения и передайте их смысл в форме пассивного залога. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

Например:

 

The kernel provides the most The most essential operating system

essential operating system services. services are provided by the kernel.

 

1. In 1995 Netscape licensed Java for use in their internet browser, Navigator.

2. Microsoft has extended BASIC in its Visual Basic product.

3. Lary Wall developed Perl in 1987.

4. Systems software do not solve specific problems

5. In the last ten years, police have installed speed trap units on many busy roads.

4. Перепишите предложения и письменно переведите их на русский язык, обратив внимание на перевод определительных конструкций.

 

1. A backup is usually stored on a different storage medium from the original files.

2. Most computer owners use what they have – a writable CD drive, zip drive of floppy disc drive.

3. Every processor has its own unique instruction set.

4. Clock speed is usually measured in millions of pulses or cycles.

5. For many people computer literacy means simply knowing which key to press.

 

5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

 

Overview

Software includes all the various forms and roles that digitally stored data may have and play in a computer (or similar system), regardless of whether the data is used as code for a CPU, or other interpreter, or whether it represents other kinds of information. Software thus encompasses a wide array of products that may be developed using different techniques such as ordinary programming languages, scripting languages, microcode, or an FPGA configuration.

The types of software include web pages developed in languages and frameworks like HTML, PHP, Perl and others and desktop applications like Open Office, Microsoft Word developed in languages like C, C++, Java, C#, or Smalltalk. Application software usually runs on an underlying software operating systems such as Linux or Microsoft Windows. Software (or firmware) is also used in video games and for the configurable parts of the logic systems of automobiles, televisions, and other consumer electronics.

Computer software is so called to distinguish it from computer hardware, which encompasses the physical interconnections and devices required to store and execute (or run) the software. At the lowest level, executable code consists of machine language instructions specific to an individual processor. A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions that change the state of the computer from its preceding state. Programs are an ordered sequence of instructions for changing the state of the computer in a particular sequence. It is usually written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for humans to use (closer to natural language) than machine language. High-level languages are compiled or interpreted into machine language object code. Software may also be written in an assembly language, essentially, a mnemonic representation of a machine language using a natural language alphabet. Assembly language must be assembled into object code via an assembler.

The term “software” was first used in this sense by John W. Tukey in 1958. In computer science and software engineering, computer software is all computer programs. The theory that is the basis for most modern software was first proposed by Alan Turing in his 1935 essay Computable Numbers with an Application to the Decision Problem.

 

Вариант 3

1. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. The speed, storage capability, and cost of tape are reasons why it is still frequently used as a backup medium.

2. Programs designed to act as intermediaries between the hardware and application programs are called system software.

3. Many times, the options were shown as icons, or pictures; the user could just point to an icon with the mouse and then click to indicate the choice.

4. System programs have been designed for the specific pieces of hardware.

5. The files on your hard disk can be viewed as if you are looking at a Web page.

 

2 .Перепишите предложения и поставьте глаголы в скобках в нужную видовременную форму. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

1. The information (to store) on a smart card for transfer to the police computer.

2. Some years ago application software (to design) to solve a specific problem or do a specific task.

3. The process of loading of the operating system (to call) booting the system.

4. The person who prepares systems software (to refer to) as a systems programmer.

5. In 1958 LISP (to design) for Artificial Intelligence research.

 

3. Перепишите предложения и передайте их смысл в форме пассивного залога. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

 

Например:

 

By using a keyboard buffer your Not any of your keystrokes are missed

computer never misses any of your by your computer due to using a

keystrokes. keyboard buffer.

 

1. The radar sends out a beam of radio waves.

2. The microprocessor measures the difference in wavelength between outgoing and

returning signals.

3. Operating systems control and manage the use of hardware devices.

4. IBM first released the IBM PC in 1981.

5. Most users will not purchase UNIX for their own use.

 

4. Перепишите предложения и письменно переведите их на русский язык, обратив внимание на перевод определительных конструкций.

 

1. The Practice Manager uses a payroll package based on spread sheet to calculate salaries for each employee of health center.

2. Computer software typically consists of many files that contain user-executable programs, support programs and data files.

3. A program editor is any word processor that can be used for basic editing tasks.

4. Reception staff use specially tailored software developed from a database to enter all appointment dates and times for each doctor.

5. Electronic bulletin board systems (BBS) are a new means of casual communications for computer users.

 

5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.

 







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