To carry on legal proceedings

7. judge [ countable ] the official in control of a court who has the power to make decisions on cases brought before a court of law and decides how criminals should be punished, often used as a title судья: She's one of the strictest judges in the state. | The trial judge specifies the number of years to be spent in prison. | The case is being heard by Judge Smith.

8. (the) jury [ countable ] a group of ordinary people who listen to the details of a case in court and decide whether someone is guilty or not присяжные заседатели: The jury returned a verdict of guilty / innocent. | I demand my right to a trial by jury / a jury trial.

grand jury [ countable ] a group of people in the US who decide whether someone charged with a crime should be judged in a court of law присяжные, решающие вопрос о предании суду: A grand jury is expected to indict him for murder.

to serve / sit on the jury be part of a jury She was selected to serve / sit on a jury. | (AmE) She was selected for jury duty. = (BrE) She was selected for jury service.

to address the jury Counsel for the defence addressed the jury and the judge summed up.

to retire [ intransitive ] when a jury in a law court retires, they go away to consider whether someone is guilty or not удалиться (для вынесения вердикта): After a six hour trial, the jury retired for a further two hours before bringing a verdict of guilty.

juror [ countable ] a member of a jury присяжный заседатель: A juror's duty is to make an assessment on evidence available at the time. | The job of the juror is to assess the credibility of the witness in the box.

9. defendant [ countable ] a person who is being sued or accused of a crime in a court of law ответчик (в гражданских делах); подсудимый, обвиняемый: The jury found the defendant guilty / innocent.

the accused a person or group of people charged with a crime

10. respondent [ countable ] someone who has to defend their own case in a law court ответчик (в гражданских делах) The respondent has behaved in such a way that the petitioner cannot reasonably be expected to live with the respondent.

11. petitioner [ countable ] someone who asks for a legal case to be considered in a court of law истец: The petitioner is trying to have the Supreme Court overrule the decision.

12. claimant [ countable ] someone who claims something, especially money, from the government, a court etc because they think they have a right to it лицо, предъявляющее право / претензию / требование, истец: The claimant brought an action against the bank claiming that she be considered as automatically hired as from March 5, 1986.

13. plaintiff = (BrE) complainant [ countable ] someone who brings a legal action against another person in a court of law истец: The plaintiff was a guest at the defendants' hotel in London. | If for any reason the plaintiff was unable to come at the time fixed for his hearing, he became ‘non-suited’, and the man he hoped to sue could collect the deposit he had left with the clerk on starting the action.

14. counsel [ uncountable ] a lawyer who represents a person or group in a court of law представитель защиты или обвинения: On the advice of counsel [=because of the lawyer's advice], she refused to answer the question. | All counsel are expected to obey the rules of the court.

counsel for the defendant / for the defence защитник / защита обвиняемого She is serving as counsel for the defendant. | The judge asked counsel for the defence to explain.

counsel for the prosecution обвинитель или обвинение в уголовном процессе (обыкн. прокурор) It would be helpful if counsel for the prosecution were to make a check list of essential directions and draw attention to any omissions before the retirement of the jury.

15. bailiff [ countable ] (1) (AmE) an official of the legal system who watches prisoners and keeps order in a court of law помощник шерифа: Court is now in recess. The bailiff will conduct the jury to the jury room. | The bailiff informs me that the jury has reached a verdict.

(2) (BrE) an official of the legal system who can take people's goods or property when they owe money судебный пристав / исполнитель: This involves a bailiff going to your debtor's home or workplace and seizing and selling sufficient of his goods to pay your debt and costs.

16. to indict (for sth) [ in’dait ] [ transitive ] (esp. AmE) to formally decide that someone should be put on trial for a crime, to officially charge someone with a criminal offence предавать суду на основании обвинительного акта: He has been indicted by the grand jury on murder charges. | He was indicted for vehicular homicide in 1987.

indictable [ adjective ] подлежащий преследованию по обвинительному акту: an indictable offence / crime

indictment [ countable ] an official written statement charging someone with a criminal offence обвинительный акт: The grand jury has handed down indictments against several mobsters.

17. to incriminate [ transitive ] to make someone seem guilty of a crime инкриминировать, вменять в вину: Material found at the crime scene incriminates the defendant. | He refused to answer questions for fear he might incriminate himself.

incriminating (evidence) ‘Would a guilty man leave such bloodstained, incriminating evidence about the house for three days?’ he enquired of the jury.

incrimination [ uncountable ] The right against self-incrimination forbids the government from compelling any person to give testimonial evidence that would likely incriminate him during a subsequent criminal case.

18. to try (for sth) [ transitive usually passive ] to examine and judge a legal case, or someone who is thought to be guilty of a crime in a court разбирать дело в суде, судить: He was tried for attempting to murder his wife. | The defence argued that a regional court was not competent to try their case.

19. trial [ countable and uncountable ] a formal meeting in a court in which evidence about crimes, disagreements, etc., is presented to a judge and often a jury so that decisions can be made according to the law судебное разбирательство, суд, слушание дела: civil / criminal trials | She is awaiting trial on charges of assault. | He did not get / have / receive a fair trial.

on trial (for sth) Brady was on trial for assault.

pending trial while waiting for trial: She is out on bail pending trial.

to be entitled to a fair trial The defendant has a right / is entitled to a fair trial.

to stand / face trial to be judged in a court of law: She will stand / face trial [=be tried] for murder.

to go / come to trial for to begin being judged in a court of law: By the time the case comes to trial, he will have spent a year in prison.

to bring smb to trial He was arrested but not brought to trial.

20. to cross examine [ transitive ] to ask more questions of (a witness who has been questioned by another lawyer) подвергать перекрёстному допросу: The defendant's attorney cross-examined the witness and tried to show that his earlier testimony was false.

cross examination While he was under cross-examination, the defendant admitted that he had lied earlier in court.

21. circumstance [ countable ] a condition or fact that affects a situation обстоятельство: circumstances of the case / offence

aggravating circumstances отягчающие обстоятельства: The figures, provided more recently by the Ministry of Justice, show a dramatic increase to 447 death sentences, mostly for murder under aggravating circumstances.

mitigating / extenuating / attenuating circumstances смягчающие обстоятельства: The judge told Gambrill he would have faced a prison sentence, but for mitigating circumstances.

22. testimony [ uncountable and countable ] a formal statement saying that something is true, especially one a witness makes in a court of law while formally promising to tell the truth свидетельские показания: Barker's testimony is crucial to the prosecution's case. | There were contradictions in her testimony.

23. verdict [ countable ] the decision made by a jury in a trial about whether someone is guilty of a crime вердикт: The jury reached a guilty / not guilty verdict.

to bring (in) / return / deliver / record a verdict to tell the court your decision вынести вердикт: I never doubted that they would deliver the correct verdict.

to reach / arrive at a verdict The jury failed to reach a verdict.

majority verdict most of the jury agrees: a majority verdict of 10 to 2

unanimous verdict the whole jury agrees: The unanimous verdict was 'guilty'.

to announce the verdict As the forewoman of the six-man, six woman jury announced the verdict, Mr Roache swallowed hard and gripped the bench in front of him.

24. to adjudicate [ intransitive and transitive ] to officially decide who is right in a disagreement and decide what should be done судить; выносить приговор, судебное / арбитражное решение: The case was adjudicated in the state courts. | The owner can appeal to the court to adjudicate on the matter. | The judge adjudicated that he should be released. | The case is under adjudication.