Dialects and regional varieties of English

English (1- has developed / has been developed) two educated native dialects which are considered to be standards. The first dialect (2- bases / is based) on educated southern British and it (3- calls / is called) BBC (or the Queen's) English. It (4- knows / is known) for "Received Pronunciation" which is the standard for the teaching of English in Europe, Africa, the Indian subcontinent, and other areas influenced either by the British Commonwealth or by a desire not to be identified with the United States.

The second dialect (5- bases / is based) on educated Midwestern American. It (6- spreads / is spread) over most of the United States and much of Canada, is more typically the model for the American continents and areas (such as the Philippines).

Aside from these major dialects, there are numerous other varieties of English, which (7- include / are included) several subvarieties such as Cockney within British English. English speakers also have many different accents.

Just as English itself (8- has borrowed / has been borrowed) words from many different languages over its history, English loanwords (9- see / are seen) now in many languages around the world.

 

► 4. Напишите о евро, используя глаголы в пассивном залоге:

1) Euro (to use) in 16 out of 27 member states of the European Union.

2) Eurozone (to comprise) of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain by 2009.

3) Euro (to nickname) “the single currency.”

4) The name “euro” (to adopt) on 16 December, 1995.

5) The € symbol (to understand) as the Greek epsilon (Є) which means the cradle of European civilization and the first letter of the word “Europe.”

6) Euro (to be introduced) to world financial markets as an accounting currency on 1 January, 1999.

7) Physical Euro coins and banknotes (to use) since 1 January, 2002.

8) Euro coins (to produce) in 1-cent, 2-cent, 5-cent, 10-cent, 20-cent, 50-cent, €1, €2.

9) A map (to depict) on the common side of coins and a specific image (to depict) on the national side of coins.

10) Euro banknotes (to issue) in €5, €10, €20, €50, €100, €200, and €500.

11) Euro banknotes (to dedicate) to artistic periods of European architecture.

► 5. Переведите предложения из активного залога в пассивный:

1) Mommy bakes something new every weekend. 2) We will have finished the project in half an hour. 3) The workers are repairing the road now. 4) He will not forget you even in a year. 5) My friend had bought a fashion magazine before she went to the tailor’s to discuss her ballroom dress.

6) The students will be translating a text from English into Russian at the exam this time tomorrow. 7) The child answered the phone itself. 8) My cat was playing with a mouse when I saw it. 9) The guests have already seen your new photo.

 

► 6. Напишите два варианта пассивного залога к каждому предложению:

1)The manager gave useful instructions to the employees. 2) My relatives sent me some photos from their holiday in Greece. 3) Parents bought a Christmas present to their child in advance.

4) The neighbours told them the latest news. 5) They asked us our names at the hotel. 6) A friend recommended her an effective diet.

► 7. Напишите ответы на вопросы по модели:

- Did you rely on this information?

- Yes, this information was relied on.

1)Did the committee look into the matter? 2) Did he take any notice of her? 3) Did they lose sight of a boat? 4) Did they turn down your offer? 5) Did the boss find fault with you?

6) Did they take care of the puppy? 7) Did he speak about his success? 8) Did you refer to that journal in your article? 9) Did the passers-by laugh at him?

 

► 8. Напишите советы, употребив пассивный залог с модальными глаголами (can, must, may, should, be to, need, have to):

- My computer does not work.

- It must be taken to the specialist.It can be checked by John in an hour. It should be replaced by a new model.

1) Your coat is dirty. 2) His hair is too long. 3) Our dog is hungry. 4) The baby is sleepy.

5) The desk is untidy. 6) The fridge is empty. 7) The toys are all around the room. 8) Her shoes are worn-out.

 

СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЁН

 

Согласование времен означает зависимость времени глагольного сказуемого придаточного предложения от времени сказуемого главного предложения. Если сказуемое главного предложения стоит в прошедшем времени, то сказуемое придаточного предложения тоже должно стоять в одном из прошедших времен:

· для обозначения одновременного действия – Past Simple (Indefinite) или Past Progressive (Continuous):

They knew that their friends were going to London. I was sure that I knew that person.

· для обозначения предшествующего действия – Past Perfect:

They knew that their friends had already gone to London.

· для обозначения последующего действия – Future in the Past:

They knew that their friends would go to London the next day.

 

КОСВЕННАЯ РЕЧЬ

 

При переводе повествовательного предложения в косвенную речь соблюдаются следующие правила:

 

· предложение из прямой речи вводится союзом that, который часто опускается:

He said, “I am eighteen.” → He said (that) he was eighteen.

 

· личные и притяжательные местоимения вводятся по смыслу:

He says, “ I live in St. Petersburg.” → He says (that) he lives in St. Petersburg.

 

· если после глагола to say имеется указание на лицо, то в косвенной речи он заменяется глаголом to tell:

He says to us, “I am from Scotland.” → He tells us (that) he is from Scotland.

 

· если сказуемое в главном предложении стоит в прошедшем времени, то действует правило согласования времен:

He said to me, “I am from Scotland.” → He told me (that) he was from Scotland.

 

· указательные местоимения и наречия времени и места в косвенной речи заменяются следующим образом: