UNIT 2. SYSTEM AND CLASSIFICATION OF LAW

	ing - формы	ed - формы	to - формы
	Active	Passive	Active	Passive	Active	Passive
Одно- вре- мен- ность	V + ing	being + V 3f			to + V to be +V+ ing	to be+V3f
V +ed V 3f	to have + been + V+ing
Пре- шест- вова- ние	having+V3f	having+been +V3f		to have + been + V 3f
	to have + V3f
	Сигналы: 1.предшествования – having 2. пассива – being, been		Сигналы: 1.предшествования – to have 2. пассива – to be, beenи отсутствие ing - формы

Прочитайте предложения, в которых ing-формы выступают в качестве подлежащего предложения. Определите, какой частью речи они переводятся на русский язык.

1. Reading books is useful.
2. Asking him about it is useless.
3. Writing a good report is not easy.
4. Your being here means much more than just pleasure.

Прочитайте предложения, в которых ing-формы выступают в качестве дополнения в предложении. Определите, какой частью речи они переводятся на русский язык.

1. I like reading books.
2. I am pleased with his studying English so hard.
3. They insisted on our meeting.
4. I’ve given up smoking.
5. I had the pleasure of knowing him personally.
6. We haven’t had a chance of learning the truth.
7. Did he have any special reason for saying that?

Прочитайте предложения, в которых ing-формы выступают в качестве обстоятельства в предложении. Определите, какой частью речи они переводятся на русский язык.

1. The bus passed without stopping.
2. Learn to swim by swimming.
3. On arriving at the station they found out that the train had started.
4. Making sure I had the right number, I phoned again.
5. Having passed my driving test, I was able to buy my first car.
6. She spent all yesterday afternoon cleaning the flat.

 

 

Прочитайте предложения, в которых ing-формы выступают в качестве определения в предложении. Определите, какой частью речи они переводятся на русский язык.

1. The train arriving at platform 8 is the 17.50 from London.
2. The white stone house being built near the park is a new building of the Art Museum.
3. Law dealing with the structure of the government is called constitutional.
4. Employment law is the law relating to the employment of workers, their contracts, and conditions of work.
5. Contract law deals with legally binding agreements between people or companies.

 

 

Прочитайте предложения, в которых ing-формы выступают в качестве составной части сложного глагольного сказуемого в предложении. Определите, какой частью речи они переводятся на русский язык.

1. The weather this summer is disappointing.
2. The tone in which she spoke with me was convincing.
3. The students’ tests results were pleasing.

1. Прочитайте предложения, обращая внимание на ing- формы. Определите, какие функции в предложении они выполняют. Заполните таблицу соответствующими формами. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

FUNCTION	EXAMPLES	TRANSLATION
Subject
Object
Predicative
Attribute
Adverbial Modifier

1. I have been convicted of breaking the law because I was trying to stop others from doing so. It’s totally unjust.
2. Generally speaking, this law treats of rules, principles, and maxims which govern the decisions of a court.
3. The law may be seen as a binding or enforceable rule of conduct passed by legislation, and recognized as such by the community.
4. Laws can also be classified as being either Substantive, or Procedural Law.
5. English law has an evolving history dating from the local customs of the Anglo-Saxons, traces of which survived until 1925.
6. Every country has its own historically developing system of norms, legal institutions and branches of law, which regulates different types of social relations.
7. Contract law deals with legally binding agreements between people or companies that are called parties to a contract.
8. Having explained this simple law of war that delivers all enemy persons and property absolutely to the victor or occupant, the author approaches the more intricate subject of neutrality.
9. The rules of bringing the breaching party into court and the conduct of the trial are rather mechanical and constitute procedural law.
10. A clearer comparative understanding is also critical in assessing the effects of Western legal ideas in Russia.
11. If an Englishman wants to sell property he owns in France to another English­man, any English court must consider French law when deciding the legality of the contract of sale.
12. In alllegal systems there are institutions for creating, modifying, abolishing and applying the law.

 

7. Прочитайте текст А. Подчеркните ing – формы. Определите, какие из них выражают одновременность с действием, выраженным сказуемым предложения, а какие указывают на предшествование действию сказуемого предложения.

 

 

А. Matt and Luther decide to skip school. They take Luther’s brother’s car without telling him and drive to a local shopping center. Ignoring the sign “Parking for Handicapped Persons Only”, they leave car and enter a radio and TV shop. After looking around, they buy a portable AM-FM radio. Then they buy some sandwiches from a street vendor and walk to a nearby park. While eating, they discover that the radio does not work. In their hurry to return it, they leave their trash on the park bench. When Matt and Luther get back to the shopping center, they notice a large dent in one side of their car. The dent appears to be the result of a driver’s carelessly backing out of the next space. They also notice that the car has been broken into and that the tape deck has been removed. They call the police to report the accident and theft. When the police arrive, they seize a small clear bag containing illegal drugs from behind the car’s back seat. Matt and Luther are arrested.