MEDICAL SPECIALTIES AND SPECIALISTS 2 страница(The lists of unknown words are given after the texts.) Exercise 2. Ask your fellow student about first aid in different conditions. Text 1 Bruises Bruises (contusions) are usually caused by a bump or a fall, which ruptures small blood vessels under the skin. Blood seeps into the surrounding tissues causing the black and blue color of a bruise. People who take blood thinners (anticoagulants) or aspirin may bruise easily. A braise can also develop after blood is drawn. A black eye is a type of bruise. Apply home treatment for a bruise and inspect the eye. First Aid Apply ice or cold packs for 15-minute intervals during the first 48 hours to help vessels constrict and to reduce swelling. The sooner you apply ice, the less bleeding will result. If possible, elevate the braised area. Blood will leave the area and there will be less swelling. Rest the limb so you don't injure it further. If the area is still painful after 48 hours, apply heat with warm towels, a hot water bottle, or a heating pad. When to Call the Doctor If signs of infection develop: - increased pain, swelling, redness, or tenderness; - heat or red streaks extending away from the area; - discharge of pus; - fever of 100°C or higher with no other cause. If a blow to the eye causes: - severe bleeding in the white of the eye, or blood in the colored part of the eye; - impaired or double vision; - inability to move the eye normally in all directions; - severe pain in the eyeball rather than in the eye socket. If you suddenly begin to bruise easily, or if you have an unexplained recurrent or multiple bruises. Notes: bruise [bru:z] синець, забій contusion [кпп'ои:ззп] контузія; забите місце bump [Ьлтр] ударяти(ся); стукати(ся) rupture ['rAptfs] розрив seep [si:p] просочуватися black eye - синець під оком constrict [kan'strikt] звужувати(сь) reduce [ri'dju:s] зменшувати, знижувати heating pad - зігріваюча ватно-марлева пов'язка tenderness ['tendsnis] чутливість redness ['rednis] почервоніння streaks [strkks] смужки; прожилки pus [pAs] гній discharge [dis'tf^dj] виділення blow [bbo] удар double vision ['dAbl'vi3n] подвоєння в очах socket ['sokit] (тут) очна западина multiple ['mAitiplJ багаторазовий; багатократний; численний recurrent [гі'клгеш.] повторний; періодичний; рецидивний
Text 2 Burns Burns are classified as first-, second-, or third-degree depending on their depth, not on the amount of pain or the extent of the burn. A first-degree burn involves only the outer layer of skin. The skin is dry, painful, and sensitive to touch. A mild sunburn is an example. A second-degree burn involves several layers of skin. The skin becomes swollen, puffy, weepy, or blistered. A third-degree burn involves all layers of skin and any underlying tissue or organs. The skin is dry, pale white or charred black, swollen and sometimes breaks open. Nerves are destroyed or damaged, so there may be little pain except on the edge where there is a second-degree burn. First Aid Run cold tap water over the burn for 10 to 15 minutes. Cold water is the best immediate treatment for minor burns. The cold lowers the skin temperature and lessens the severity of the burn. Do not use ice, as it may further damage the injured skin. Remove rings, bracelets, watches, or shoes from the burned limb. Swelling may make them difficult to remove later. For first- and second-degree burns with intact blisters: - Leave the burn alone for 24 hours. Don't cover the bum unless clothing rubs on it. If it rubs, cover it with a gauze pad taped well away from the burn. Do not encircle a hand, arm, or leg with tape. Change the bandage after 24 hours, and then every two days. - After two or three days of healing, the juice from an aloe leaf can soothe minor burns. - Do not put salve, butter, grease, oil, or ointment on a burn. They increase the risk of infection and don't help heal the burn. - For second-degree burns, do not break blisters. If the blisters break, clean the area by running tap water over it. Apply an antibiotic ointment, such as Polysporin or Bacitracin, and cover the bum with a sterile dressing. Don't touch the wound with your hands or any non-sterile objects. Remove the dressing every day, clean the wound and cover it again. - Aspirin or ibuprofen can help relieve pain from minor burns. Third-degree burns require immediate medical treatment. Call a health professional as soon as possible. Notes: depth [dep0] глибина outer layer - зовнішній шар puffy ['рлй] набряклий weepy [wi:pi] мокнучий, вологий edge [е<із] край lessen ['lesan] зменшувати damage f'daemidj] пошкодження remove [ri'mov] знімати rub [глЬ] терти(ся) gauze pad [go:z] марлевий компрес
Text З Shock Shock may occur due to sudden illness or injury. When the circulatory system is unable to get enough blood to the vital organs, the body goes into shock. Sometimes, even a mild injury will lead to shock. The signs of shock include: - cool, pale, clammy skin; - dilated pupils; - week, rapid pulse: - shallow, rapid breathing; - low blood pressure; - thirst, nausea, or vomiting; - confusion or anxiety; - faintness, weakness, dizziness, or loss of consciousness. Shock is a life-threatening condition. Prompt care can save lives. First Aid Have the person lie down and elevate his legs 12 inches or more. If the injury is to the head, neck, or chest, keep the legs flat. If the person vomits, roll him to one side to let fluids drain from the mouth. Control any bleeding and splint any fractures. Keep the person warm, but not hot. Place a blanket underneath him and cover him with a sheet or a blanket, depending on the weather. If the person is in a hot place, try to keep him cool. Take and count the person's pulse every five minutes. Comfort and reassure him to relieve anxiety. Call for help immediately if signs of shock develop. Notes: vital organ [-vaitl'o:g3n] життєво необхідний орган loss of consciousness ['ktmjbsnis] втрата свідомості lead [li:d] призводити clammy ['klaemi] липкий, клейкий dilated pupils - розширені зіниці nausea [-no:sja] нудота vomiting ['vomitin] блювання faintness ['feintnis] непритомність dizziness [dizinis] запаморочення inch [intf] дюйм (міра довжини) roll [тої] повертати drain [drein] витікати splint fracture - накладати шину на перелом underneath [,Ands'ni:9] внизу; під anxiety [геп zaiati] тривога, стурбованість, занепокоєння
Text 4 Spinal Injuries
Any accident involving the neck or back must be considered a possible spinal injury. Permanent paralysis may be avoided if the injured person is immobilized and transported correctly. Signs of a spinal injury include: - severe pain in the neck or back; - bruises on the head, neck, shoulders, or back; - weakness, tingling, or numbness in the arms or legs; - loss of bowel or bladder control; - bleeding or clear fluid discharge from the ears or nose; - unconsciousness. First Aid If you suspect a spinal injury, do not move the person unless there is an immediate threat to life, such as fire. Don't drag victims from automobile accidents. If the person is in immediate danger, keep the head and neck supported and aligned while you move him to safety. If it was a diving accident, don't pull the injured person from the water as you may cause permanent damage. Float the person face up in the water until help arrives. The water will act as a splint and keep the spine immobile. If you suspect a spinal injury, call a health professional to transport the injured person.
Notes: permanent paralysis - повний параліч bowels ['baoalz] кишки tingling ['tinglirj] відчуття дзвону drag [dreeg] тягнути, переносити у вухах diving accident - нещасний випадок при пірнанні (у воду) numbness [nAmnis] оніміння float [flaot] тримати(ся) на воді
Text 5 Unconsciousness
An unconscious person is completely unaware of what is going on and is unable to make purposeful movements. Fainting is a form of brief unconsciousness; a coma is a deep, prolonged state of unconsciousness. Causes of unconsciousness include stroke, epilepsy, heat exhaustion, diabetic coma, insulin shock, head or spinal injury, suffocation, drunkenness, shock, bleeding, and heart attack. Fainting is a partial loss of consciousness. Light-headedness is a mild form of shock, and is usually not serious. If it happens often, there may be a more serious problem. Dizziness and fainting can also be brought on by sudden emotional stress or injury. First Aid Make sure the unconscious person can breathe. Check for breathing and, if necessary, open the airway and begin rescue breathing. Keep the person lying down. Check the pulse. If there is none, call for help and start cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Treat any injuries. Do not give the person anything to eat or drink. Look for medical identification, such as a bracelet, necklace, or card that identifies a medical problem such as epilepsy, diabetes, or drug allergy. If the person has diabetes, he or she may have insulin shock (low blood sugar) or be in a diabetic coma (too much sugar in the blood). When to Call the Doctor If someone has completely lost consciousness. If unconsciousness follows a head injury. A head injury victim needs to be carefully observed. If a person with diabetes loses consciousness. Notes: completely [кзтр'НДІі] повністю unaware [,Ana'wF3] який не знає, не підозрює; непоінформований purposeful [-p3:p3sful] цілеспрямований brief [bri:f] короткий coma ['кзотз] кома (стан) exhaustion [ig'zDistfsn] виснаження suffocation [^sAfa'keiJan] задушення; ядуха drunkenness ['drAnksnis] алкогольне сп'яніння heart attack ['ha:t3,taek] серцевий напад partial ['pajlal] частковий light-headedness - легке запаморочення cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) - відновлення роботи серця і легенів medical identification - медична ідентифікація drug allergy [dr.vg'aeta^i] алергія на ліки insulin shock — інсуліновий шок (низький вміст цукру в крові) diabetic coma - діабетична кома (збільшений вміст цукру в крові)
Text б Cuts, Bleeding When you see a cut (laceration), the first steps are to stop the bleeding and determine whether or not stitches are needed. If stitches are not needed, you can clean and bandage the cut at home. Bleeding from minor cuts will usually stop on its own or with a little direct pressure. First Aid Wash the cut well with soap and water. Stop any bleeding by applying direct pressure over the wound for 10 to 15 minutes. Leave small cuts unbandaged, unless they will become irritated. They heal best when exposed to the air. If a cut needs bandaging, apply antibiotic ointment (Polysporin or Bacitracin). The ointment will keep the cut from sticking to the bandage. Do not use alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, iodine, which can harm tissue and slow healing. Use an adhesive bandage (Band-Aid) to continue the pressure. Always put an adhesive strip across a cut rather than lengthwise. If the cut is long, use more than one bandage. Apply a clean bandage at least once a day, or when it gets wet. Leave the bandage off whenever possible. When to Call the Doctor If the cut needs stitches. They need to be done within eight hours. If a cut continues to bleed through bandages after 15 minutes or under direct pressure. If the person goes into shock, even if a bleeding has stopped. Stopping severe bleeding: - have the person lie down and elevate the site that is bleeding; - remove any visible objects. Do not attempt to clean out the wound;
- press firmly on the wound with clean cloth or the cleanest material available. If the edges of the wound gape, hold them together. If there is an object in the wound, apply pressure around the cut, not directly over it; - apply steady pressure for 15 minutes. If blood soaks through the cloth, apply another one without lifting the first. Maintain steady pressure; - if direct pressure does not slow or stop bleeding after 15 minutes, press firmly on a pressure point between the wound and the heart. Continuous pressure on these points can stop the bleeding with less risk than a tourniquet. Tourniquets should be used only as a last resort; - watch for shock; - call in an ambulance or go to the emergency room if the bleeding has not been controlled after 15 minutes.
Notes: stitches ['stitfiz] шви (на рані) maintain [rnein'tein] підтримувати; зберігати bandage ['bsendidS] (за)бинтувати; steady f'stedi] стійкий; міцний накладати пов'язку, пов'язка tourniquet ['tusnikei] турнікет, джгут irritated [iri'teitid] подразнений ambulance ['aembju:tans] машина швидкої допомоги sticking - прилипання, приклеювання across [ak'ros] поперек gape [geip] зяяти (про рану) lengthwise ['lerjBwaiz] уздовж
II. Independent Work: Future Tense There are a number of different ways of expressing the future. The form of the verb depends on whether the speaker is talking about what he/she intends to do (/ am going to get a job) or about a timetable (The term starts on September 10"'), and so on. Sometimes more than one form is possible, e.g. I'm leaving school OR I'll be leaving school. A. I'm going or I will? I'm going to get a job, I've decided. We're going to have a picnic. We also use be going to for a prediction based on the present: Look at the time. We 're going to be late. We use will for an instant decision: I feel really ill. - I'll call the doctor then. We '11 give you a lift. We also use will for a prediction about the future: I'll be free at five о 'clock. You '11 enjoy the course, I'm sure. We can often use either be going to or will for a prediction: We 're going to need some help OR We 41 need some help. B. I'm going or I do? We use the Present Continuous for an arrangement: I'm playing basketball tonight. I'm in the team. We use the Present Simple for a timetable: We leave tomorrow morning at half past seven. We also use it after when, before, etc. I'll tell you when I see you. C. I'll be doing and I'll have done We use will be doing for an action over a period of future time: At this time tomorrow I'll be driving up the motorway. We use will have done for something that we will finish in the future: I'll have finished mv homework by eight о 'clock. We also use will be doing for the result of a routine: I'll be visiting my parents tomorrow. I visit them eveiy Sunday. D. Be about and be to We use be about to for the very near future: The plane is at the end of the runway. It is about to take off. Huriy up. The program is about to start. We use be to for an arrangement: The Queen is to visit Portugal in November. The Student Games are to take place in Melbourne next year. Exercise 1. Choose the correct verb form in the brackets. 1. How's your flat? - Well, the rent is very expensive. 1 to a new place. 1 decided last week. (11 move/'m going to move) 2. I can cycle home. - Have you got lights? It dark, don't forget. ('II be/'ll have been) 3. I'd like a photo of Adrian and me. - Well, I_______ one with your camera then. ('II take/'m going to take) 4. Have you booked a holiday? - Yes, we_______ to Spain, (go/'re going) 5. Look at that car! It______. ('II crash!/'s going to crash!) 6. Can I borrow your bike on Monday, please? - Oh, I'm afraid__________ it. I always cycle to work. (I'll be using/I'll have used) Exercise 2. What do these people say? Pay special attention to the underlined words: Model: Maria is predictin g a win for Italy in their next match. Maria: Italy will win their next match. 1. Bob intends to get up early tomorrow. 2. Steve's train timetable says 'Arrival 10.30'. Steve: The train 3. Louise has arranged to see her bank manager tomorrow. Louise: 4. Dan will leave in the very near future. Dan: Exercise 3. Translate the sentences: a) 1. The students are going to translate the new text. 2. What are you going to do? 3.1 am going to fulfill this task. 4. The doctor is going to examine this patient today. 5. The third-year students are going to work at this department. 6. I am going to visit my friends. 7. They are going to learn English next year. 8. He is going to take his examination on Monday. b) 1. This month my friend is going to London. 2.1 am going to leave for London with him. 3. They are translating a new text now. 4. We are going to translate this text too. 5. Nina is going to the library now. 6.1 am going to take an English textbook in our library.
LESSONS NINETEEN-TWENTY
(Ці резервні заняття можна використати для читання пізнавальних текстів та закріплення граматичного матеріалу, вивченого протягом семестру) І. Texts for Home Reading Text A Early Folk Medicine The "medicine" of prehistoric man1 was probably based on an animistic attitude towards disease. In this view, disease was caused by the devil2, influence of the enemy, a demon, a god3, an animal and it was to be treated by means of dislodging the malevolent cause4. Early man may have attributed disease to a separation of soul and body5. In any case, there doubtless arose the class of men who claimed skill in the art of healing6, and whose methods of treatment included dancing, grimacing, sleight of hand7, and all the tricks of the magician8. In some cases it was necessary to combine physical with physic methods; of this we have an excellent example in trephining, which originated as a means of permitting the escape of an evil spirit from the head of the victim, and which gradually became a method of treating skull fractures and various intracranial lesions9. Notes: '"medicine" of prehistoric man - доісторична медицина :to be caused by the devil - бути спричиненим злим духом 3god - бог 4to dislodge the malevolent cause - усувати лиху причину Reparation of soul and body - відокремлення душі від тіла 6art of healing - мистецтво лікування 7sleight of hand - жонглерство 8tricks of the magician - чаклунські трюки/хитрощі 'intracranial lesion [1і:зп] - внутрішньочерепне ураження Exercise 1. Read and translate the text. Exercise 2. Write down new words in your vocabulary. Exercise 3. Ask questions based on the text.
Text В Higher Education in Ukraine There are different institutes and universities in almost all large cities of Ukraine. They train various specialists using such forms of education as daytime, part-time and extramural. Young people between the age of 17 to 35 who have finished secondary or technical schools may enter universities or institutes. To enter there many applicants take competitive examinations. Those who show good results at the examinations become first-year students. During an academic year students must attend lectures on different subjects. They have practical classes and carry out laboratory experiments. At the end of each term students take end-of-term tests and examinations. From the second year many students begin to do their research work. Senior students acquire their professional skills working at different enterprises or institutions. Medical students have their practical training in different hospitals and polyclinics. On completion of study they take final examinations or present a graduation thesis. The course of study at most institutes lasts five years but doctors' training at some departments takes 6 years. After graduating from a medical institute young doctors work as interns during a certain period. Higher schools of Ukraine have international ties with schools of other countries. Many young people from abroad come to Ukraine to get higher education. Then they return to their countries to work. Our scientists have various contacts with specialists from many countries. They take an active part in numerous conferences, symposia, seminars which are held in Ukraine or abroad. These international contacts contribute a great deal to strengthening friendship and cooperation among the nations. Exercise 1. Read and translate the text. Exercise 2. Answer the questions. 1. What forms of education do our institutes and universities use? 2. What age may young people enter an institute or a university at? 3. What examinations do applicants take to enter a higher educational establishment? 4. What must students do during the academic year? 5. When do a students take end-of-term tests and examinations? 6. Where do senior students acquire their professional skills? 7. Where do medical students have their practical training? 8. How long does a course of study last at different higher schools (institutes, universities)? 9. Do Ukrainian higher schools have ties with other countries? 10. What contacts do our scientists have with specialists from foreign countries?
Exercise 3. Make a plan of the text. Text C English Universities and Colleges
The oldest universities in Great Britain are Oxford and Cambridge. Many universities are fairly new. Modern English universities are in large cities, such as London, Leeds, Manchester, Birmingham and others. London University is the biggest of the modern English universities. In many ways the London University has departed from the traditions of Oxford and Cambridge. It consists of various colleges and other institutions. It has medical schools too. A university usually has both faculties and departments. The most common faculties are medicine, law, arts, science and theology. There are various departments, such as engineering, economics, commerce, agriculture, music, etc. The course of studies at a university lasts six years. The curriculum is wide. All universities admit men and women but the share of men is 75 per cent. Each faculty is headed by one or more professors. A staff of lecturers and tutors (teachers) help them. Professors and lecturers give lectures to large numbers of students, and tutors teach smaller groups. Colleges provide specialized training. There are medical, teachers', technical and other colleges at a university. The course of studies at a college is only three years. At medical colleges students study various subjects, learn to treat patients and have practical work at hospitals. After graduating from a college they are given a certificate. Students pay for taking exams, for attending lectures, for taking books from the library. A student being a great success in study may take a degree of Bachelor of Arts or of Science. Exercise 1. Read the text and translate it, answer the questions. 1. What universities are the oldest ones in Great Britain? 2. What cities are modern English universities located in? 3. What university is the biggest of the modern universities? 4. What colleges does London University consist of? 5. What faculties are the most common ones? 6. What departments are there at a university? 7. How long does the course of studies last? 8. Whom is each faculty headed by? 9. What kind of training do colleges provide? 10. What colleges are there at a university? 11.What do students study and learn at medical colleges? 12. What do students pay for? 13. What degree may a student being a great success in study take?
Exercise 2. Write a short text about London University using the table. London University It IS consists of has the biggest modern university, various colleges and institutions, medical schools too. Exercise 3. Translate the sentences. 1. Лондонський університет - найбільший із сучасних університетів Великобританії. 2. У нього входить кілька медичних шкіл і коледжів. 3. Він складається з різних коледжів і навчальних установ. 4. Він не має давніх традицій. Exercise 4. Tell about education in Great Britain using the following word combinations. The oldest English universities; modern universities; London University; its colleges and medical schools; the course of studies; the most common departments; university staff; colleges and their specialized training; medical colleges; pay for study; taking a degree of Bachelor of Science. Text D - What do you think of school? Emma: I go to Newtown School of Performing Arts so in some ways it's different from a normal school. We learn all the same subjects but there is a lot more emphasis on drama, dance and music. I had to do an audition to get into the school. - Is there anything that you think you should be taught but are not? Our school is quite progressive so we have to learn a lot about things like drugs and AIDS so I think it's a good curriculum. I think it might also be useful to learn things like how not to be awkward around guys. Jesse: School does not affect me too much. I go to quite a good school but for me the most important thing about the school is the other kids going there. That can make your school experience brilliant or terrible. Kids can sometimes gang up against each other, then it's horrible. They are often horrible to people who get good marks. They think that they are swots. - Is there anything that you think you should be taught? We don't learn psychology. I think that's really bad. Ned: I don't know if it's a good thing or a bad thing but school influences me quite a lot. That's not surprising when I spend three quarters of my life there. c) to leave, to graduate: 1. Коли ти закінчив школу? — Я закінчив її у 2005 році. 2. Де ти залишила свій зошит? 3. Він зазвичай залишає тут свій портфель. d) to leave (for), to go: 1. Вони поїхали з Києва минулого тижня. 2. Коли ти їдеш до Києва? 3. Він поїхав у село і проведе там усе літо. e) to finish, to be over: 1. Урок закінчився? 2. Іноді його робота закінчується о п'ятій. 3. Він завершив писати книгу. 4. Медсестра закінчила робити ін'єкцію. 5. Наші заняття закінчуються пізно. Exercise 6. Make up questions to the underlined words. The number of questions is given in brackets. 1. They didn't go to any foreign countries. (3) 2. We saw this new film. (3) 3. His friend Exercise 7. Answer the questions. 1 1. What kind of books do you like to read? 2. What did you do yesterday? 3. Which lesson are you doing now? 4. When are you going to have the test? 5. How long will it take you to go home? 2 1. What kind of TV shows does your friend like to watch? 2. Which book did you read last week? 3. Did you like it? 4. When are you going to give it to me to read? 5. Can you give me the book now? 6. What do you think she is doing now? 3 1. Does the nurse usually make injections? 2. Did the doctor prescribe the medicine? 3. What medicine are you going to take? 4. Where are you going to buy it?
Exercise 9. Make up dialogs. 1. Привітайтеся з містером Блеком; скажіть, що ви раді знову бачити його в Україні; запитайте, як довго він збирається бути тут. 2. Подзвоніть доктору Брауну; привітайтесь, домовтесь про зустріч у середу о 9-ій. 3. Запитайте свого друга про здоров'я; чи він уже одужав; запропонуйте допомогу з домашніми завданнями.
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