MEDICAL SPECIALTIES AND SPECIALISTS 20 страница- define respiration and describe three phases of respiration; - name all the structures of the respiratory system; - explain the mechanism of pulmonary ventilation; - list the ways of transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood; - list five symptoms of abnormal respiration.
Exercise 1. Learn the words by heart, pay attention to their Latin/Greek equivalents.
Exercise 2. Read the following word combinations and translate them, using a dictionary. To breathe with lungs; pulmonary ventilation; nasal cavities; vocal organ; air movement; gas exchanges; respiratory rates; diffusion of gases. Exercise 3. Read the text, translate and retell it.
Respiration Respiration is the process by which oxygen is obtained from the environment and transported to the cells, and carbon dioxide is exchanged from the cells. Respiration includes three phases: 1. Pulmonary ventilation is normally accomplished by inspiration and expiration. 2. The diffusion of gases includes the passage of oxygen from air sacs into the blood and 3. The transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide by the circulating blood. The respiratory system includes the nasal cavities, the pharynx, the larynx, the trachea, the bronchi and the lungs with their conducting tubes and air sacs. The nasal cavities filter, warm and moisten air, which we inhale. The pharynx (throat) carries air into the respiratory tract and food into the digestive tract. The larynx (voice organ) contains vocal cords. The trachea is the windpipe. The bronchi are the continuations of the trachea, they are two in number; they enter the lungs and then subdivide again and again making the bronchial tree. The smallest subdivisions of the bronchi are bronchioles. The lungs are covered with the membrane called pleura. The pleura not only encloses the lung but also lines the chest walls. Mediastinum is the space for the heart, great blood vessels, esophagus, trachea, and lymph nodes; it is located between the lungs. The lungs consist of lobes, which subdivide into lobules. The tiny air sacs in the lungs are called alveoli. Physiology of respiration includes inhalation or inspiration (when air comes into the lungs), and exhalation or expiration (when air goes out of the lungs). The respiratory control centers, located in the medulla and pons of the brain stem, regulate the process of respiration. Respiration is regulated so that the level of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and acid are kept within certain limits. The control centers regulate the rate, depth, and rhythm of respiration.
Exercise 4. Describe three phases of respiration. Exercise 5. Answer the following questions. 1. What does the term respiration mean? 2. What do the respiratory organs consist of? 3. What is each of them characterized by? 4. What processes does the physiology of respiration include? 5. What regulates respiration? 6. Where are the lungs located?
Exercise 6. Describe the structure of the respiratory system. Use Fig. 15-1.
II. Grammar Exercises Exercise 1. Read and translate word combinations and sentences with participles I, II in the role of: a) noun attributes: a running student, a moving train, working people, a connected line, a seen film, an explained task, given food, painted eyes, a broken glass, a clamped burner, burning sulfur, a dissolved alkali, a diluted acid, a closed chemist's, an organized meeting, a well-made test. b) Participial Complex as an attribute: 1. Students graduating from our institute work in different parts of Ukraine. 2. The article translated at the lesson is of interest for me. 3. The experiment conducted yesterday gave important results. 4. My friend living in the students' hostel often comes to see me. c) Participial Complex as an adverbial: 1. While entering the institute I spent much time at the library. 2. While reading scientific texts I usually use a dictionary. 3. When spoken to, he said he was not at all interested in chemistry. 4. When mixed, the substances melted slowly. 5. Being a member of the students' scientific society he took an active part in the research work. d) a part of the predicative: 1. Medicinal plants are usually stored in a dark place protected from light. 2. During fifty years the institute has developed and brought into use some 60 medicinal preparations. 3. Where is your friend? I don't see him. - He is taking a chemistry test. 4. Such substances may be classified as oily, pungent, acrid, or astringent. Exercise 2. Read and translate the sentences, choose the necessary participle from the brackets. 1. Complex mixtures of hydrocarbon compounds (contained, containing) only carbon and hydrogen occur in very large quantities in nature. 2. In 1820 some amino acids were isolated in crystalline form solutions (preparing, prepared) by heating proteins with mineral acids. 3. In the twentieth century the vitamins and elements (requiring, required) only in small amounts were discovered. 4. The most important medicines (discovering, discovered) in the twentieth century are vitamins made by partial synthesis, irradiation, fermentation and other methods. 5. For the determination of vitamin Bp the (testing, tested) solution was diluted with water. 6. The (coloring, colored) matter is used in the production of some perfumes. 7. A perfume is a material (consisting, consisted) of one or more volatile constituents. Exercise 3. Find the Absolute Participial Construction in the sentences. Translate the sentences. 1. The doctor having made the morning round, the nurses began to fulfill his prescriptions. 2. The case being urgent, the doctor gave some directions to the nurse. 3. The patient having fallen asleep, the nurse left the ward. 4. The doctor having performed the operation, the patient was wheeled to his ward. 5. The patient being very weak, the operation was postponed. 6, Influenza is a rapidly spreading disease, people of all ages suffering from it. 7. Our professor delivered two lectures about influenza, the students listening to him attentively. 8. The students helped the nurse to fulfill doctor's prescriptions, the patients being examined with their help. Exercise 4. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian, pay attention to the participle in the function of Adverbial or Absolute Participial Construction. 1. The work at the hospital having been done, the doctor went home. 2. Having operated this patient, the doctor said the nurse to give him an injection. 3. The course of treatment having been fulfilled, the patient's condition became better. 4. Having made his round the doctor began to fill in the patients' case histories. 5. Having had an acute stage of the disease for several days, they presented an extremely difficult problem. 6. The operation being over, the doctor asked the nurse to use the heart apparatus. 7. My father suffering from pain, I called in a doctor. 8. Examining the patients, the doctor was attentive. 9. The operation having been performed, the patient's condition began to improve. 10. Having examined all the patients, the surgeon began to prepare for the operation. Exercise 5. Translate the sentences into English, use the Participial Complexes. 1. Я хотіла, щоб він змінився. 2. Лікар оглядав пацієнта, студенти допомагали йому. 3. Кажуть, що він оперує лише в своїй клініці. 4. Після того, як лікар оглянув пацієнтів, медсестри почали робити ін'єкції. 5. Він вірив, що вона повернеться сюди знову. 6. Було помічено, що хворий одужував швидше після прийому тих ліків.
III. Independent Work: Lungs Exercise 1. Read the text, translate it, make a plan of it. Lungs The lungs are the main organs of the respiratory system. There are two lungs in the human body located in the lateral cavities of the chest. The lungs are separated from each other by the mediastinum. The lungs are covered with the pleura. They are conical in shape. Each lung has the base, apex, two borders and three surfaces. The lung has the apex extending upward 3^1 centimeters (cm) above the level of the first rib. The base of the lung is located in the convex (випуклий) surface of the diaphragm. The posterior borders of the lungs are on each side of the spinal column. The anterior border is thin and overlaps (перекривати) the pericardium. The weight of the lungs varies according to many conditions. In the adult male the weight of the lungs is about 1,350 gr. The right lung is about 15 % heavier than the left one. The vital capacity of the lungs is 3.5-4 liters in the male and it is 3-3.5 liters in the female. The right lung consisting of three lobes is heavier than the left one because the latter consists only of two lobes. The lower lobe of the left lung is larger than the upper one. In infants the lungs are of a pale rosy color, but later they become darker. The structure of the lung consists of an external serous coat, the visceral layer of the pleura, a subserous elastic tissue and the parenchyma or proper substance of the lungs. Exercise 2. Name the parts of speech of the following words, translate them. Thoracic, costal, fibrous, pulmonary, widely, pelvis, sacral, construction, facial, daily, dilatation, artificial, connective, respiratory. Exercise 3. a) Read the doctor's indications to his patient, translate them. 1. Make your analyses of blood and urine. 2. Take an electrocardiogram. 3. Your lungs should be X-rayed. 4. Go to your doctor and check your BP. 5. You need treatment. 6. You will be treated. b) Translate the following sentences. 1. Ваше серце і легені потрібно перевірити. 2. Зробіть електрокардіограму. 3. Зробіть аналізи крові та сечі. 4. Підійдіть до терапевта і перевірте серце і легені. 5. Вашому другу потрібне лікування. 6. Вас будуть лікувати у пульмонологічному відділенні. Exercise 4. Read the dialog. Doctor: I suppose you have pneumonia. I'll put you on a sick leave and prescribe you some treatment. Patient: What must I do? Doctor: Listen to me attentively. Take these drugs. This mixture is for your cough. These tablets are for your headache. These drops are for the heart trouble. Take these drugs three times a day. Patient: Must I stay in bed? Doctor: Yes, you must. Apply cups and mustard plasters every other day before going to bed. Drink hot tea with raspberry jam. Gargle you throat several times a day. You must make analyses of blood and urine. Your lungs should be X-rayed. Besides it's necessary to take an electrocardiogram. Patient: Well, doctor. I'll fulfill all your prescriptions.
UNIT SIXTEEN
I. Speaking: Respiratory System Disorders After careful study of this unit you should be able to: - name infectious respiratory diseases; - name allergic and chronic pulmonary diseases; - explain why smoking is harmful; - know the equipment for respiratory tract treatment. Exercise 1. Read and learn the following words, pay attention to their Latin/Greek equivalents.
Exercise 2. Do you remember that inflammation of some organs is denoted with the Greek suffix -iris? Form terms using this suffix, translate the formed words. Larynx, pharynx, bronchus, trachea, pleura. Exercise 3. You are a therapeutist and receive clinical patients. Talk with a patient who suffers from influenza. Use the phrases below. - I am going to examine you. - 1 will examine you. - Don't move your shoulders, please. - Strip to the waist, please. - Take your clothes off. - Unbutton your outerwear, please. - Would you breathe deeply? - Breathe deeper. - Hold your breath. - Breathe in, breathe out, please. - Turn your back on me, please. - Cough, please. - Cover your mouth, when coughing. - You may dress. - Is it more painful when you breathe? - Is it more painful when you cough? - How long have you been coughing? - Are you running a temperature? - Have you ever coughed up blood? - You must give up smoking. - You must not catch cold. - What causes asthma attacks? - What relieves asthma attacks? - 1 want to listen to your lungs.
Exercise 4. Read and translate the text.
Respiratory System Disorders Sinusitis is the inflammation of the sinuses, located close to the nasal cavities. Chronic sinus infection may cause changes or tumor formation, called polyps (поліпи). Rhinitis means a cold in the head or running nose. It's an unpleasant symptom of the common cold. The mucosa of the respiratory tract is one of the most important portals of entry for disease-producing organisms. Droplets from one sneeze may be loaded with many billions of disease-producing organisms. Among the infections transmitted through the respiratory passages are the common cold, diphtheria, chickenpox, measles, influenza, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. Sensitivity to plant pollens, smells, dust, certain foods, and other allergens may lead to hay fever or asthma, or both. Hay fever is characterized by a watery discharge from the eyes and nose. The symptoms of asthma are spasms of the bronchial tube walls. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) involves emphysema and bronchitis. In chronic bronchitis the linings of the airways are chronically inflamed and produce excessive secretions. Emphysema is characterized by dilation and finally destruction of the alveoli. In the popular press the word emphysema is used to mean COPD. Lung cancer is a common disease in the person who smokes cigarettes. Smokers suffer from lung cancer ten times as often as nonsmokers. Pneumothorax is an accumulation of air in the plural space. Blood in it is called hemothorax. Exercise 5. Write out all names of diseases from the text, find their Greek equivalents.
Exercise 6. Make up 10 questions based on the text. Exercise 7. Read the information about special equipment for respiratory tract treatment. Translate the text. The bronchoscope is a flexible fiber optic tubular instrument for inspection of the bronchi and the larger bronchial tubes. Oxygen therapy is used to sustain life when some condition interferes with adequate respiration; oxygen may be delivered to the patient by mask, catheter or nasal prongs. A suction apparatus is used for removing mucus or other substances from the respiratory tract. A tracheostomy tube is used when the pharynx or larynx is obstructed. A small metal or plastic tube is inserted through a cut made in the trachea, and it acts as an artificial airway for ventilation. Artificial respiration is made when a patient has temporarily lost the capacity to perform the normal motions of respiration. Control Tests. Respiratory System
A. Anatomy B. Physiology C. Biology D. Botany E. Pathology 2. The condition of physical, social and A. Genetics B. Disease C. Biochemistry D. Embryology E. Health 3. Disorder of the normal functioning of the A. Happiness B. Health C. Disease D. Fainting E. Sadness 4.______ Structural and functional unit of the living A. tissue B. cell C. organ D. system of organs E. body 6.______________________ The organs of respiration are the. A. pharynx, gullet and stomach B. heart and blood vessels C. liver and pancreas D. spleen and its blood supply E. larynx, bronchi and lungs 7.________________ The larynx is formed by. A.bones B. ligaments C. cartilages D. membranes E. joints 8.____ According to their structure the bronchi A. the trachea B. the heart C. the liver D. the stomach E. the larynx 9.____ Bronchi have many divisions, so they form A. leaf B. branch D. flower E. tree 10. What is the voice organ? A. Mouth B. Nose C. Ears D. Larynx
E. Pharynx B. Eyes C. Phonendoscope D. Stethoscope E. Special tube 12. Rhinitis is the inflammation of _ A. mouth B. nose C. liver D. heart E. ears 13.___________________ To do percussion we use our A. toes B. fingers C. hands D. arms E. elbows 14. What organ helps in respiration? A. Heart B. Liver C. Stomach D. Diaphragm E. Head 15. What envelops the lung? A. An envelope B. A sheet C. A membrane D. A pleura E. A scarf 16. Where are the lungs situated? A. In the left part B. In the right part C. In the abdominal cavity D. In the oral cavity E. In the chest 17. What does the lung consist of? A. Lobes B. Substances C. Sacks D. Boxes E. Vessels 18. Where do pulmonary veins go? A. To the neck B. To the heart C. To the head D. To the liver E. To the lungs 19. What process takes place in the lungs? A. Exchange of gases B. Nourishing C. Production of hormones D. Cell division E. Grooving 20. What does the term "respiration" mean? A. To inhale B. To exhale C. To breathe D. To inspire E. All answers are right 21. What symptom is the most common in A. Fatigue B. Headache C. Heartache D. Cough E. Sleep 22. What membrane separates the thoracic A. Septum B. Diaphragm C. Wall D. Lungs E. Stomach 23. How many lobes do the lungs have? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5 24. What does "ventilation of lungs" mean? A. Exchange of gases between air and blood B. Exchange of carbon dioxide C. Exchange of substances D. Exchange of gases in the lungs E. Removal of gases by blood 25. Where does the process of breathing A. In the mouth B. In the eyes C. In the ears D. In the nose E. In the larynx 26. What term means the inflammation of the A. Pharyngitis B. Rhinitis C. Laryngitis D. Gastritis E. Sore throat 27. You must use Mucaltine in dry cough. A. Althea B. Valerian C. Lily of the valley D. Poppy E. Rose 28. In what medicinal form is Thermopsis A. Tincture B. Infusion C. Ointment D. Dragee E. Solution 29. What is bronchioles? A. Sacks B. Balloons C. Endings of bronchi D. Endings on bronchial tree E. All answers are right 30. How many bronchi are there in the body? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5 31. What is the main structural and functional A. Sinus B. Cosinus C. Acinus D. Bronchus E. Alveolus 32._______ Pleuritis is. A.cough B. inflammation C. examination D. treatment E. pain 33. What does the term "pneumothorax" A. Presence of air in the pleura B. Disease C. Pain in the chest D. Pneumonia E. Respiratory arrest 34.________________ The largest portion of air which you can A. vital capacity B. breathing capacity C. inspiratory capacity D. respiratory capacity E. all answers are right 35.__________________________ The protective respiratory reflexes are. A. high temperature B. running nose C. cilia D. cough and sneezing E. dyspnea 36. The most important method for examining A. Auscultation B. Percussions C. Roentgenography D. Bronchoscopia E. Anamnesis 37. This dangerous infectious respiratory A. Pneumonia B. Cancer of lungs D. Tuberculosis E. Emphysema 38.______________________ A children's disease which is characterized A. whooping cough B. diphtheria C. scarlet fever D. mumps E. chicken pox 39. A suspension of colloidal particles in gas is____. A. liquid B. aerosol C. water D. inhalator E. gas 40. What does the term "asphyxia" mean? A. Дихання B. Задишка C.Задуха, ядуха D. Удар E. Напад 41. What is the Greek word for "lung"? A. Pulmo B. Bronchus C. Pneumon D. Cancer E. Liver 42. What is the normal respiratory rate? A. 60-70 B. 16-20 C. 120 over 80 D. 100 E. 40 43. What substance can't exchange in cough? A. Saliva B. Blood C. Sputum D. Urine E. Foreign bodies 44. What apparatus is used to measure the A. Bronchoscope B. Thermometer C. Barometer D. Tonometer E. Spirometer 45. What factor doesn't influence breathing? A. Experience B. Running C. Stress D. Depression E. Physical development of the organism 46. What is the best position for the patient A. To sit B. To stand C. To lie D. To walk E. To recline 47. What system of organs doesn't take part in A. Respiratory B. Cardiovascular C. Nervous D. Lymphatic E. Digestive 48._________________________ The system of respiration includes:. A. the nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, B. only lungs C. bronchi and lungs with pleura D. larynx and trachea E. nose and mouth 49. What does the term "tussis" mean? A. Pain B. Cough C. Fatigue D. Condition E. Sneezing 50. What term means "гортань"? A. Thorax B. Boxes C. Larynx D. Trachea E. Pharynx II. Grammar Exercises Exercise 1. Read and translate the information about the medicine "Ephact". Ephact (banish the symptoms of cold & allergy) For quick & long-lasting relief in • allergic rhinitis, • sinusitis, • common cold, • nasal congestion, • vasomotor rhinitis. Unique microdialysis cell technology Constant blood levels Timed-release over 12 hours Composition Each capsule contains: phenyl propanolamine hydrochloride B.P 50 mg (in timed-release form), chlorpheniramine maleate B.P. 8 mg (in timed-release form).
Exercise 2. Name the parts of speech of the following words and translate them. Respiration, devotion, natural, artificial, important, importance, consideration, measurement, objection, objective, preparation, prevention. Exercise 3. Define the functions of the participle II in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. 1. Graduated pipettes are used to measure different volumes. 2. The method used in the experiment was widely applied in our laboratory. 3. The obtained findings confirmed our results. 4. The findings obtained in our laboratory confirmed those published by our students' scientific society. 5. The bark collected in spring preserved its color. 6. The changes produced in the process of heating caused rapid decomposition. 7. The substances compared are divided into several groups. Exercise 4. Read and translate the sentences with participle complexes in the function of adverbials. 1. Using different methods chemists isolated and identified about six million substances. 2. While establishing impurities it is necessary to use special methods. 3. When boiled with dilute nitric acid the solution decomposed. 4. When given in greater amounts certain medicines can affect the biological functions of the body. 5. Comparing the present results with those of fifty years ago we see great improvement in the economical production of some vegetable and animal products.
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1. This science studies the structure and shape
