MEDICAL SPECIALTIES AND SPECIALISTS 22 страницаD. Liver E. Lung 10. What part of the digestive tract is there A. Stomach B. Large intestine C. Small intestine D. Pancreas E. Liver 11. What kind of juice takes part in A. Fruit B. Gastric C. Orange D. Apple E. Sweet 12. Through it fecal masses go out the body. A. Stomach B. Lungs C. Rectum D. Anus E. Liver 13. What does gastritis mean? A. Ulcer of the stomach B. Cancer of the stomach C. Catarrh of the stomach D. Spasm of the stomach E. Emptying of the stomach 14. Through it food gets into the stomach. A. Liver B. Esophagus C. Duodenum D. Rectum E. Pancreas 15. What does dyspepsia mean? A. Narcosis B. Fracture C. Pregnancy D. Difficulty in digestion E. Lack of vitamins 16. What substances are absorbed in the large A. Sugar and salts B. Gall and lymph C. Water and salts D. Blood and water E. Water and sugar 17. What is a part of large intestine? A. Duodenum B. Liver C. Kidney D. Colon E. Bladder 18. It doesn't belong to the digestive system. A. Heart B. Gullet C. Liver D. Pancreas E. Stomach 19. What is the synonym to the word A. Bronchus B. Ventricle C. Gullet D. Gall bladder E. Bladder 20. What organ of digestion can we palpate? A. Duodenum B. Liver C. Small intestine D. Large intestine E. Pharynx 21. What does the liver secrete? A. Blood B. Hormones C. Cells D. Bile E. Urine 22. Where does food go after the duodenum? A. Into the stomach B. Into the small intestine C. Into the blood vessels D. Into the rectum E. Into the gullet 23. Where are fecal masses formed? A. In the kidneys B. In the bladder C. In the appendix D. In the rectum E. In the large intestine 24. What is the role of teeth in the oral A. To chew food B. To drink water C. To speak english D. To keep food in the mouth E. To do exercises 25. What is the function of digestion? A. Nutrition B. Exchange of substances C. Immunity D. Defense E. Supporting 26. What disease doesn't belong to gastrin A. Ulcer B. Gastritis C. Catarrh D. Gallstones E. Cancer of the stomach 27. Mouth, pharynx, gullet,, duodenum a. liver b. bladder c. kidneys d. lungs e. stomach 28. What substances help to segregate food:- A. Salts B. Acids C. Enzymes D. Urea E. Hormones 29. What doctor treats diseases of the digestive A. Urologist B. Neurologist C. Stomatologist D. Gastroenterologist E. Cardiologist 30. If you want to eat, you are__________. A.hungry B. sad C. thirsty D. happy E. sick 31. What is the English for the Latin term A. Heart B. Trunk C. Chest D. Abdomen E. Gullet 32. The roof in the mouth is_________ __, A. palace B. house C. palate D. ceiling 33. The largest glandular organ which secretes A. Tonsil B. Pancreas C. Thyroid D. Liver E. Thymus 34. Removal of the gall bladder. A. Cholecystectomy B. Gastrectomy C. Esophagotomy D. Pharyngotomy E. Enterotomy 35. Examination of the stomach and duodenum A. Rectoromanoscopia B. Gastroenteroscopia C. Bronchoscopia D. Ophthalmoscopia E. Nephroscopia 36. What is the English for "виразка"? A. Fetus B. Ulcer C. Wound D. Abscess E. Necrosis 37. Inflammation of the large intestine. A. Cystitis B. Enteritis C. Colitis D. Proctitis E. Pharyngitis 38. Where is the stomach situated? A. In the thoracic cavity B. In the head C. On the left side D. On the right side E. In the abdominal cavity 39. What is the organ of taste? A. Mouth B. Nose C. Skin D. Tongue E. Eye 40. How many teeth does an adult person A. 20 B. 28 C. 32 D. 36 E. 24 41. What shape is the stomach? A. Pyriform B. Ball C. Balloon D. Tube E. Tree 42. The inflammation of the mucous membrane A. Duodenitis B. Colitis C. Enteritis D. Hepatitis E. Gastritis 43. The inflammation of the liver. A. Cholecystitis B. Hepatitis C. Duodenitis D. Pharyngitis E. Rhinitis 44. What does the act of defecation mean? A. Evacuation B. Supply C. Absorption D. Segregation E. Exhalation 45. The tiny hair in the small intestine is called A. bacillus B. egg C. horn D. villus E. stick 46. The process of filling cells with energy. A. Nutrition B. Micturition C. Digestion D. Production E. Excration 47. What does exchange of substances in the A. Catabolism B. Botulism C. Metabolism D. Assimilation E. Dissimilation 48. The lack of vitamin D causes in babies. A. scurvy B. flu C. pneumonia D. rachitis E. mumps 49. The lack of vitamin C causes this disease. A. scurvy B. flu C. influenza D. pneumonia E. dysentery 50. Special food for patients. A. Vegetables B. Fruit C. Meat D. Fish E. Diet
II. Grammar Exercises Exercise 1. State the part of speech of the following words and translate them. a) Anatomist, biologist, clinician, hygienist, physician, gynecologist, pediatrician, psychiatrist, naturalist. b) Administration, investigation, contribution, foundation, addition, suggestion, development, improvement. c) Clinical, educational, scientific, centrifugal, remarkable, inorganic, valuable, topographical. Exercise 2. Translate the following sentences. State the form of the gerund and its function in the sentences. 1. This method is good in treating a number of diseases. 2. The doctor never uses the needle for puncturing the muscular tissue. 3. The doctors began making a wider use of this treatment. 4. By using needle therapy our doctors help patients to get rid of many diseases. 5. Many patients are afraid of being treated by the stomatologist. 6. We object to her being given so much work. 7. Preparing patients for the operation is the task of a nurse. 8. We heard of her having been given interesting work. Exercise 3. Compare the use of the nouns and gerunds. 1. a) The discussion of the report lasted two hours. b) They finished discussing the report at two o'clock. 2. a) The unexpected engagement of a new actor surprised everybody, b) Mr. Dove began engaging the new actor quite unexpectedly. 3. a) The visit to a doctor was unpleasant, b) Visiting a doctor he felt unpleasant. Exercise 4. Complete the sentences using gerunds. 1) Do you prefer...? 2) Did you enjoy...? 3) I don't mind... 4) Excuse me for... 5) He is busy... 6) I remember... 7) I think it depends on... 8) Are you tired of...? 9) He had no chance of... 10)We made a decision after...
III. Independent Work: How to Go on a Diet? Exercise 1. Read an unfinished story and continue it (you can use the ideas given below). How to Go on a Diet? Last summer my doctor told me to go on a slimming diet, which, he said, would make me lose twenty pounds in a month. For breakfast, I was allowed to drink coffee or tea and nothing else. For lunch, grilled meat, no salt; a hundred grams of vegetables, no salt; fifty grams of cheese or yoghurt, a choice of an orange or an apple. The same for dinner. I wasn't allowed to drink anything with meals. The first day was fine, though I was so hungry that I went to bed at eight. The next morning my wife said an egg with breakfast wouldn't hurt me. So I ate an egg since she is wiser than I am in these matters. At noon I lunched with a friend who said, "Meat is more fattening than potatoes. My doctor lets me eat all the potatoes 1 want to, without butter, of course". So I had potatoes with my meat. In the evening і dined with a Frenchman. He was shocked to think that I wouldn't drink wine with my dinner. So I had half a bottle of Burgundy with my dinner. I went on dieting taking my meals with different people. Each one had his own idea about dieting and I was willing to listen to everybody. Ideas Describe my meals with my lawyer, an American visitor, my colleague, my mother-in-law, my hairdresser. This is what they say: one teaspoon of cream is three times as fattening as one teaspoon of sugar; it is foolish to eat without salt; the best way to lose weight is to eat nothing but spaghetti; fish is not fattening; scrambled eggs in the morning aren't as fattening as in the evening; if you eat a lot of chocolate before dinner it will take away your appetite. Exercise 2. Answer the questions. !. Do you think 1 liked to take my meals alone or with friends? 2. Do you think 1 have put on or lost weight? 3. What do you think my doctor said? 4. Why is it not wise to listen to everybody?
UNIT NINETEEN
I. Speaking: Nervous System (Part I) After careful study of this unit you should be able to: - describe the organization of the nervous system according to the structure and function; - - define synapse, and describe the role of neurotransmitters in the synapse; - differentiate types of nerves.
Exercise 2. Read and learn the following word combinations and their meaning, spinal cord - спинний мозок (стрижень) meninx ['meninks] (pi. meninges [me'ninchjhz]) - оболонка мозку myelin sheath ['JuS] мієлінова оболонка neurilemma - шваннівська оболонка (оболонка нервових волокон) synapse - синапс (спеціалізовані утвори функціонального зв'язку нейронів один з одним або і клітиною, яку вони іннервують; служать для сприйняття і передачі нервових імпульсів) stimulus ['stimjuhs] подразник white matter - біла речовина (шляхи і канатики) gray matter - сіра речовина (ядра і стовпи) sensory neurons - сенсорні нейрони (чутливі) motor neurons - моторні нейрони (рухові)
Exercise 3. Read and translate the text.
Nervous System (Part I)
None of the body systems is functioning alone. The body systems work together as one unit and the nervous system serves as a chief coordinating center. The nervous system has been compared to a telephone exchange, in that the brain and the spinal cord act as switching centers, and the nerve trunks act as cables for carrying messages to and from these centers. The nervous system structurally is divided into the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain, the spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which includes all of the cranial and spinal nerves (Fig. 19-1). Functional divisions of the nervous system include the somatic (voluntary) nervous system, which supplies skeletal muscles, and the visceral (involuntary) nervous system, which supplies smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, glands. The nerve cell is called a neuron (Fig. 19-2). It consists of a cell body with a nucleus and nerve fibers, which are thread-like projections of the cytoplasm. Nerve fibers are of two kinds: dendrites, which conduct impulses to the cell body, and axons, which conduct impulses away from the cell body. The job of neurons of the peripheral nervous system is to relay information to or from the central nervous system. Neurons that conduct impulses to the CNS are sensory, or afferent, neurons. Those cells that carry impulses from the CNS out to muscles and glands are motor, or efferent, neurons. The organ activated by the motor neuron is the effector. Nerve impulse is electric current that spreads along the nerve fiber. Synapse is the junction between neurons where a nerve impulse is transmitted from one neuron to the next. A nerve is a bundle of nerve fibers located outside the CNS. Bundles of nerve fibers within the CNS are tracts. The nerves are sensory (afferent), they contain only fibers that carry impulses toward the CNS (from the receptor); motor (efferent), they contain only fibers that carry impulses away from the CNS (from the receptor); mixed, they contain both motor and sensory fibers. Reflex is a simple, rapid, automatic response involving few neurons.
Exercise 4, Make up a plan of the text.
Exercise 5. Define the following terms. Neuron, nerves, tracts, reflex, synapse, axon, dendrite, effector. Exercise 6. Find English equivalents in the text. Подають імпульси до клітини тіла, електрохвиля, з'єднання між нейронами, як єдине ціле, центральна нервова система, головний мозок, вольова нервова система, нервові волокна і пучки, кабель для передачі повідомлень, робота нейронів, що несуть імпульси до ЦНС, від рецепторів. Exercise 7. Answer the following questions. 1) What is the main function of the nervous system? 2) What are two main structural divisions of the nervous system? 3) What is the nerve impulse? 4) What is synapse? 5) Do axons or dendrites conduct impulses away from the cell body? Exercise 8. Translate into Ukrainian.
1. Scientists consider that there are up to 12 billion nerve cells which are performing their function of coordination of human activities all over the body. 2. Thanks to the nervous system which controls the activities of the body we can see, think, speak, hear, touch, feel, etc. 3. External and internal receptors receive and transmit nervous impulses to the nerve cells and then to the spinal cord and brain.
II. Grammar Exercises Exercise 1. Make up all possible questions to the sentence. The nervous impulse wave passes the dendrites and reaches the cell body and cell nucleus. Exercise 2. State the parts of speech of the following words. stimulate - stimulus - stimulant - stimulation neurology - neurologist - neurological compare - comparative - comparison - comparable normal - abnormal - normalize - normally structure - structural react - reaction - reactiona! - reactive Exercise 3. Translate the following sentences. Point the gerund and its function in the sentence. 1. Be slow in choosing a friend, slower in changing him. 2. You can't make an omelet without breaking eggs. 3. Doing is better than saying. 4. Saying and doing are two different things. 5. It's no use crying over spilt milk. 6. The doctor never uses the needle for puncturing or injuring the muscular tissue. 7. I was afraid of being here in such hour. 8. The doctors began using this method. 9. He started examining the patients at 8 o'clock. 10. Sterilizing the instruments, preparing the patient for the operation took me about an hour. Exercise 4. State the -ing form in the following word combinations. Gerund with noun and participle with noun express different meanings. Model: an operating room ~ a room for operations; операційна кімната = кімната для операцій. An operating man, a reading room, a sleeping baby, a waiting hall, an examining surgeon, a reading device, a healing system. Exercise 5. Translate the sentences with gerundial complexes. 1. A thermometer is an instrument for measuring temperature. 2. Our being tired is easy to explain. 3. We heard of his being ill with pneumonia. 4.1 was told that he was operated on without having been anesthetized. 5. After having gathered a complete clinical history, he began to examine the patient. Exercise 6. Complete the sentences translating the phrases into English, using the gerundial complex. 1. She never thought of (що вона стане хірургом). 2. The doctor insisted on (щоб він прийняв ці ліки). 3. Who is responsible for (його повернення додому вчасно)? 4. He succeeded in (що вона склала всі іспити). 5. The assistant showed the students the simplest methods of (як перев'язати рану на коліні).
III. Independent Work: Role of Nervous System Exercise 1. Read and translate the text. Role of Nervous System The nervous system regulates the activities of different organs and of the entire organism. Muscular contractions, glandular secretion, heat action, metabolism and many other processes continuously operating in the organism are controlled by the nervous system. The nervous system links the various organs and systems, coordinates all their activities and ensures the integrity of the organism. The work of each organ or system of organs may be affected by various conditions. A change in function of one organ or system of organs leads to changes in the function of other organs and systems. For example, during physical work involving intensive muscular contraction the metabolism in muscles increases, which consequently increases the requirement in nutrients and oxygen. A reflex response causes the heart and lungs to work more intensively, with the result that the flow of the blood to the muscles increases. At the same time heat production and heat loss increase, the excretory organs work harder. The unity of the organism and its external environment is affected through the nervous system. All the outside stimuli are perceived by the nervous system through the sense organs. In response to the stimuli the functions of the various organs change and the organism adapts itself to its surroundings or, as I. Pavlov put it1, the organism is equilibrated with the external environment. This equilibrium forms the basis of the organism's vital activities. Thus in response to ingestion of food the activity of the digestive glands increases and is adapted to the character of the ingested food. A rise in temperature of the surrounding air causes an increased flow of blood to the skin and greater perspiration, which prevents overheating of the organism. It should be remembered that unlike animals, man can himself considerably change his external environment. Man's brain is the material basis of thinking and speech. I. Pavlov demonstrated that man's so-called psychic activity is based on physiological processes operating in the cerebral cortex. Note: 1 as I. Pavlov put it - як сформулював І. Павлов Exercise 2. Make up a plan of the text. Exercise 3. Find sentences about the nervous system. Exercise 4. Tell about the unity of the human body and the external environment. Exercise 5. Speak about the role of the nervous system. UNIT TWENTY
I. Speaking: Nervous System (Part II)
After careful study of this unit you should be able to: - explain the location, structure and functions of the spinal cord; - describe and name the spinal nerves and three of their main plexuses; - describe the main parts of a reflex act; - compare the location and functions of the two parts of the autonomic nervous system; - list disorders of the nervous system.
Exercise 1. Read and learn the following English words and their equivalents.
Exercise 2. Read and translate the texts, get ready to answer the questions about: - the location of the spinal cord; - the structure of the spinal cord; - the functions of the spinal cord; -the reflex arc; - the disorders of the spinal cord; - the location of the spinal nerves; - the branches of the spinal nerves; - the disorders of the spinal nerves; - the parts of the autonomic nervous system; - the functions of the autonomic nervous system.
Text 1. Spinal Cord The spinal cord occupies the spinal canal, but not all of it in the lower part. In adult the cord ends in the region just below the area to which the last rib attaches (between the first and the second lumbar vertebrae). The spinal cord consists of gray matter (nerve cell bodies) and a larger area surrounding this gray part that consists of white matter (nerve fibers). The structure of the spinal cord is shown in Fig. 20-1. You can see that the gray matter has the form of the letter H or a butterfly (метелика). The functions of the spinal cord may be divided into three categories: - reflex activities; - conduction of sensory impulses (to the brain); - conduction of motor impulses (from the brain). All the nervous activities are taking place through the reflex arcs. The reflex arc consists of five components: the receptor, the afferent pathway, the nervous center, the efferent pathway and the effector. The diseases of the spinal cord are: poliomyelitis (an infectious disease, which commonly occurs in children; polio virus enters the body through the nose and throat; the virus destroys
Text 2. Spinal Nerves
Look at Fig. 19-1. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves, each pair is numbered according to the level of the spinal cord from which it arises. Each spinal nerve has small posterior divisions and rather large anterior divisions. The larger anterior branches form networks called plexuses, which innervate (іннервують) different parts of the body. The three main plexuses are described as follows: 1. The cervical plexus supplies motor impulses to the muscles of the neck and receives sensory impulses from the neck and the back of the head. The phrenic nerve, which activates the diaphragm, arises from this plexus. 2. The brachial ['braskial] plexus sends numerous branches to the shoulder, arm, forearm, wrist and hand. The radial nerve emerges from the brachial plexus. 3. The lumbosacral [^Amba'seikral] plexus supplies nerves to the lower extremities. The largest of these branches is the sciatic [sai'aetik] nerve, which leaves the dorsal part of the pelvis, passes the glutaeus maximus muscle and then to the thigh, and lower leg, and foot. The disorders of the spinal nerves are: - neuritis (inflammation of a nerve); - sciatica [sai'astkka] (kind of neuritis characterized by severe pain along the sciatic nerve); - herpes zoster (known as shingles) is characterized by numerous blisters along the course of certain nerves (the cause is the chickenpox virus).
Text 3. Autonomic Nervous System Look at Fig. 20-2. The autonomic nervous system is the motor (efferent) division of the visceral (involuntary) nervous system. It has many ganglia that serve as relay stations. In these ganglia each message is transferred at a synapse from the first neuron to the second one from there to the muscle or gland cell. This differs from the voluntary (somatic) nervous system, in which each motor nerve fiber extends all the way from the spinal cord to the skeletal muscle with no intervening synapse. The autonomic nervous system has sympathetic pathways and parasympathetic pathways. The sympathetic pathways begin in the spinal cord with cell bodies in the thoracolumbar area and then their nerve fibers extend to ganglia where they form a synapse with a second set of neurons, whose fibers extend to the glands and involuntary muscle tissues. These second neurons act on the effectors by releasing the neurotransmitter epinephrine (adrenaline), so the sympathetic system can also be called adrenergic [aedri пз:дзік]. The parasympathetic pathways begin in the craniosacral areas, with fibers arising from cell bodies of midbrain, medulla, and sacral part of the spinal cord, and stimulate the visceral tissues. The neurons of this part of the nervous system release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, so it is called cholinergic [кт)1і'пз:дзік].
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