The party which wins most seats, although not necessarily the most votes, at a general election, or which has the support of a majority of members in the House of Commons, usually forms the Government. By tradition, the leader of the majority party is asked by the Sovereign to form a government. About 100 of its members in the House of Commons and the House of Lords receive ministerial appointments, including appointment to the Cabinet on the advice of the Prime Minister. The largest minority party becomes the official Opposition, with its own leader and 'shadow cabinet'. Leaders of the Government and Opposition sit on the front benches on either side of the Commons chamber with their supporters - the backbenchers - sitting behind them. Similar arrangements for the parties also apply to the House of Lords; however, Lords who do not wish to be associated with any political party may sit on the 'cross benches'. The effectiveness of the party system in Parliament rests largely on the relationship between the Government and the opposition parties. Depending on the relative strengths of the parties in the House of Commons, the Opposition may seek to overthrow the Government by defeating it in a vote on a 'matter of confidence '. In general, however, the aims of the Opposition are to contribute to the formulation of policy and legislation by constructive criticism; to oppose the government proposals it considers objectionable; to seek amendments to government Bills; and
to put forward its own policies in order to improve its chances of winning the next general election. The Opposition performs this role both by debating issues and putting questions on the floor of both Houses and through the committee system. Government business arrangements are settled, under the direction of the Prime Minister and the Leaders of the two Houses (the Speaker and the Lord Chancellor), by the Government Chief Whip in consultation with the Opposition Chief Whip. The Chief Whips together find time for a particular item of business to be discussed. The Leaders of the two Houses are responsible for enabling the Houses to debate matters about which they are concerned. Inside Parliament, party control is exercised by the Chief Whips and their assistants, who are chosen within the party. Their duties include keeping members informed of forthcoming parliamentary business, maintaining the party's voting strength by ensuring members attend important debates, and passing on to the party leadership the opinions of the backbench members. Party discipline tends to be less strong in the Lords than in the Commons, since Lords have less hope of high office and no need of party support in elections. Outside Parliament, party control is exercised by the national and local organizations. Parties are organized at parliamentary constituency level and also contest local government elections.
