Студопедия — C) historical and cultural associacions with different counties.
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C) historical and cultural associacions with different counties.






 

The republic’s 26 counties are Monaghan, Cavan, Donegal,Louth, Meath, Dublin, Kildare, Wicklow, Carlow, Wexford, Kilkenny, Laoighis, Offaly, Westmeath, Longford, Tipperary, Waterford, Cork, Kerry, Limerick, and Clare, Leitrim, Roscommon, Galway, Mayo, and Sligo.

Monaghan, Cavan and Donegal are part of the historic province of Ulster, the other six counties of Ulster are in Northern Ireland.

The county seat of Monaghan [me’nohen] is Monaghan. The northwest portion of the county is a part of the fertile central plain of Ireland; to the south and east are hilly sections. It is primarily an agricultural county. The main enterprise is the raising of beef and dairy cattle. Potatoes, oats, and turnips are the chief crops; pigs, sheep, and poultry, as well as cattle, are raised in large numbers. Other industries are bacon production and the manufacture of furniture and footwear.

The county seat of Cavan [‘kaven] is Cavan. The county is a hilly region of lakes and bogs, and the climate is extremely damp and cool. Most of the soil is clay. The Erne is the principal river, and the Shannon has its source there. Pastoral agriculture is the chief occupation, although very little land is under cultivation (in the form of small farms). Industries include plastics, wallpaper, creameries, and food processing. Cavan was organized as a shire of Ulster in 1584.

The county seat of Donegal [do’ni:gal] is Lifford. The extremely irregular coastline extends from Lough Foyle on the north to Donegal Bay on the west and is deeply indented by Lough Swilly. Lough {loh] means lake. Tory Island is the largest of the coastal islands. The west is rugged and hilly. There are two mountain ranges: the Derryveagh Mountains. in the northwest and the Blue Stack Mts. in the west central region. The chief rivers are the Foyle, the Erne, and the Finn; lakes are plentiful. Donegal has no rail service. Although agriculture is the leading industry, only one third of the land is suitable for cultivation. The valleys of the Finn and the Foyle are the most intensively cultivated areas. Oats and potatoes are the chief crops. Fishing and tourism are also important industries. In the south is the center of the Donegal cloth industry that produces tweeds and handmade woolens. There are several small skirt factories. Newer industries include carpet, fishing net, and synthetic fiber manufacturing.

Louth, Meath, Dublin, Kildare, Wicklow, Carlow, Wexford, Kilkenny, Laoighis, Offaly, Westmeath, and Longford comprise the historic province of Leinster.

The county seat of Louth [louth] is Dundalk [den’do:k]. The region borders the Irish Sea from the mouth of the Boyne River to Carlingford Lough. The landscape is plain, except for a hilly district in the north. Principal rivers are the Fane, the Glyde, and the Dee. Among the industries are cotton and linen manufacturing, brewing, and food processing. Dundalk, Drogheda, and Greenore are ports. The region is associated with the exploits of the legendary Irish hero Cuchulain.

The county seat of Meath is Navan. The land is mostly level, being a part of the central plain of Ireland, with extensive fertile areas near the Boyne and the Blackwater, the principal rivers. There is a sandy coastline of some 10 mi (16 km) along the Irish Sea. Grain and potato cultivation and cattle raising support the bulk of the population. Manufacturing exists in the larger towns. The region is important in Irish history. The Hill of Tara (507 ft/155 m high) was the seat of the high kings of Ireland from ancient times until the 6th century and may have been the site of religious ceremonies in prehistoric times. A statue of St. Patrick, who preached there, is supposed to mark the location of the Lia Fail, the Coronation Stone of the ancient high kings. The hill was the scene of the defeat of the Danes in 980 and of a mass meeting in 1843 addressed by Daniel O’Connell; hence its importance as a symbol of Irish nationalism. Meath was considered a fifth province of Ireland for many centuries and was not finally organized as a county until the 17th cent. Remains of archaeological interest have been found in the Newgrange burial site. Newgrange is located in the Boyne Valley and is 5000 years old. It is a listed world heritage site along with the Great Wall in China, the Pyramids of Egypt and Stonehenge. Newgrange is a Neolithic Ritual Centre and a place of burial.

The county of Dublin is dominated by Dublin, which is the county seat and capital of the Republic. “Dublin” is derived from the Viking name “Dubh Linn”. The Vikings founded this town in 841 when a permanent Viking settlement was established there. Dublin is home to a great literary tradition. G.B. Shaw, W.B.Yeats, Samuel Beckett, Oscar Wilde are Dubliners. Oscar Wilde was born in Dublin and studied in Trinity College. Jonathan Swift was the Dean of St Patrick’s Cathedral in Dublin and is buried in the Cathedral. In 1991 the Dublin Writers Museum was opened. Swift and Sheridan, Shaw and Wilde, Yeats, Joyce and Beckett are among those presented through their books, letters, portraits and personal items. The museum holds exhibitions and readings and has a special room devoted to children’s literature. Dublin is also the cradle of many musical talents, from the Dubliners and the Chieftains to U2.

Dublin’s tourist attractions also include Malahide Castle, Shaw Birthplace, James Joyce Museum, the National Gallery of Ireland,Christ Church Cathedral, the National Museum of Ireland. Agricultural products, whiskey, and stout are the chief exports of Dublin city.

Dublin’s chief industries are brewing, textile manufacturing (silk making was introduced by Huguenot refugees in the 16th cent.), distilling, shipbuilding, food processing, and the

St Patrick’s Cathedral

manufacture of foundry products, glass, and cigarettes. Microprocessors are produced in the suburb of Leixlip. The Irish legislature, the Dáil Éireann and Seanad, are in Leinster House.

The area of the county Dublin is low-lying in the north and center, rising to the Wicklow Mountains in the south. The chief river is the Liffey, which bisects the city of Dublin and empties into Dublin Bay. Industries of the county include chocolate and cement in the west, and the town of Balbriggan is noted for its hosiery manufacture. The National Botanic Gardens are in Glasnevin, just outside Dublin. Organized as a county by King John of England in the early 13th century, Dublin, heart of the English Pale, was strongly guarded by castles along its boundaries. In Irish history, the Pale means that district of indefinite and varying limits around Dublin, in which English law prevailed. The term was first used in the 14th century to designate what had previously been called English land. Dun Laoghair [dun lare] is the main passenger and mail port for Dublin and a seaside resort with yachting and fishing. With the opening of a railroad to Dublin in 1834 and the completion of the port in 1859, Dún Laoghaire grew rapidly. The city was known as Kingstown before 1921 and as Dunleary before 1821. Dún Laoghaire is connected to Holyhead, Wales by passenger and car ferry.

The county seat of Kildare is Kildare. The region is a flat plain, containing the greater portion of the Bog of Allen. The principal rivers are the Liffey, the Greese, and the Barrow. Agriculture is the chief occupation; the breeding of racehorses is also significant. Pre-Christian and early Christian relics remain, including a 13th-century castle and monastery.

The county seat of Wicklow is Wicklow. “Wicklow” is derived from the Viking name “Viking Gelo”. The Vikings founded this town. The Wicklow Mountains and their foothills occupy almost the entire area of the county; Lugnaquilla (3,039 ft/926 m) is the highest peak. The Liffey and the Slaney rivers rise in Wicklow, and there are lakes and picturesque glens (valleys). Sheep and cattle are raised in the region, and grains are cultivated. Wicklow also has copper mines and a hydroelectric plant has been constructed in the area. Its proximity to Dublin makes the region a popular one with tourists. Glendalough has notable ecclesiastical remains. It is noted for the ruins of several churches of the 11th and 12th centuries, part of the center of Irish Christianity that St. Kevin founded. Also of interest are a round tower and Kevin’s Cross (a granite monolith). The people of the mountainous district were long able to maintain their independence of the English, hence Wicklow was organized as a shire only in 1606. The round towers were built near monasteries or cathedrals. From the top window sentinels watched all the time, and when they saw approaching enemies, they made a signal and all the treasures were quickly brought into the tower. The people also hid there and pulled up the ladder. These towers also served as landmarks for those who walked from place to place. Some Hollywood films like “Braveheart” were shot in Wicklow, not in Scotland.

The chief towns of Carlow are Carlow, the county seat, Bagenalstown, on the Barrow River, which forms much of the western boundary of the county; and Tullow, on the Slaney River which crosses the county from north to south. The granite uplands of the Blackstairs Mountains in the southeast are a conspicuous feature in an otherwise fertile lowland region. Grain and sugar-beet farming, cattle raising, and dairying are regional occupations. There are also flour-milling and sugar-refining industries. Organized as a county in the early 13th century, Carlow was strategically situated on the southern edge of the English Pale.

The county seat of Wexford is the port city of Wexford. The name Wexford is Danish in origin, and evidence exists of the area’s early Danish occupation. “Wexford” is derived from the Viking name “Weis Fjord”. The Vikings founded this town. Most of the land is low and fertile, but on the western border Mountain Leinster in the Blackstairs Mountains rises to 2,610 ft (796 m). The Slaney is the principal river. Wexford is chiefly an agricultural region; wheat is the chief crop, and cattle are raised. The chief port is Rosslare.

The county seat of Kilkenny [kil’keni ] is Kilkenny. The region is mainly a rolling plain, part of the central plain of Ireland, with low hills to the south. The principal rivers are the Suir [shur], the Nore, and the Barrow. Grains and vegetables are grown, and livestock is raised. Industries include software and computer services, food processing, brewing, agricultural engineering, clothing, and handicrafts. The county has concentrated on reforestation programs for the past several years. Kilkenny is rich in antiquities.

The county seat of Laoighis [li:sh] is Port Laoise [po:t li:sh]. A part of the central plain of Ireland, Laoighis is generally level, except for the Slieve Bloom Mts. in the northwest, which is the site of several forestry plantations. The Barrow and the Nore are the chief rivers. Agriculture (wheat, barley, and sugar beets) and dairy farming are the main occupations. Industries include woolens, woodworking, and pharmaceuticals.

The county seat of Offaly is Tullamore. A part of the central plain of Ireland, the county is mostly flat with some sections covered by the Bog of Allen. The Slieve Bloom Mts. are on the southeastern border. The Shannon, the chief river, forms much of the western border. Other rivers are the Brosna and the Blackwater. Agriculture is the chief occupation; cattle, pigs, and poultry are bred in considerable quantity. Grains and potatoes are grown. Among the light industries is distilling. It was known as King’s County until the establishment of the Irish Free State. At Clonmacnoise are the ruins of one of the principal religious centers of early Ireland. The monastery founded (548) on the site by St. Kieran became the most famous in Ireland. It survived 1,000 years of raids and invasions, until it was destroyed by the English in 1552. Notable ruins include a cathedral (built 904), several churches, two round towers, three sculptured crosses, over 200 inscribed stones, and a castle (built 1214). The ruins comprise a national monument. The annual feast of St. Kieran is held at Clonmacnoise. Another tourist attraction of the county is Birr Castle built by the Normans in 1170. You can see the largest telescope in the world constructed at Birr Castle in 1840’s.

The county seat of Westmeath is Mullingar. A part of the central plain of Ireland, the region is mostly level and fertile, with many lakes and bogs. The principal river is the Inny, a tributary of the Shannon. Cattle raising is the chief occupation, although wheat, potatoes, and oats are grown. Some textiles are manufactured. Athlone is the largest town. Westmeath was separated from Meath as an independent county in 1543.

The county seat of Longford is Longford. A part of the central plain of Ireland, it has level land with numerous small lakes, bogs, and marshes. The River Shannon and Lough Ree form its western border. Raising beef cattle is the principal occupation; oats and potatoes are the chief crops.

The historic province of Munster consists of the counties Tipperary, Waterford, Cork, Kerry, Limerick, and Clare.

The county seat of Tipperary is Tipperary. The region is part of the central plain of Ireland, but the landscape is diversified by several mountain ranges: the Knockmealdown, the Galtee, the Arra, and the Silvermine. The southern portion of the county is drained by the Suir [shur] River; the northern by tributaries of the Shannon. There is much fertile land, especially in the region known as the Golden Vale, one of the richest agricultural areas in Ireland. Dairy farming and cattle raising are the principal occupations. Other industries are slate quarrying and the manufacture of meal and flour. Antiquarian remains are found in Cashel. An agricultural market, it was formerly the ancient capital of the kings of Munster and was the stronghold of Brian Boru. On the Rock of Cashel, rising 300 ft (91 m) in the center of town, are the ruins of the 13th-century St. Patrick’s Cathedral, a round tower (10th cent.), an ancient cross, and Cormac’s Chapel (12th cent.). Below the Rock are the ruins of Hore Abbey (1272). Cashel is the seat of a Roman Catholic archbishop and of an Anglican bishop.

The county seat of Waterford is the port town of Waterford. “Waterford” is derived from the Viking name “Vadre Fjord”. The Vikings founded this town. Although the land is largely hilly, there are lowlands in the east. Principal rivers are the Blackwater, the Bride, and the Suir, which forms most of the northern boundary. Bay. The county has much farming and grazing land; dairy and beef cattle and sheep are important. Fishing, food processing, tanning, toys, and glassmaking are other industries. Waterford crystal is world famous. Waterford Crystal Factory offers tours of its glass-cutting and glass-blowing workshops. The largest of the Irish counties, Cork has a rocky and much-indented coastline. The interior has wild rugged mountains rising as high as 2,239 ft (682 m) and fertile valleys (notably of the Bride, the Blackwater, the Lee, and the Bandon rivers). The main occupations are farming (dairying, raising livestock, and growing grains and sugar beets) and fishing. There is a growing manufacturing sector, centered around the city of Cork, which includes products as diverse as tweed cloth and electronic components. Cork is the county seat. In the 9th century. The Danes occupied Cork and walled it. Dermot MacCarthy ousted the Danes and in 1172 swore allegiance to Henry II of England. Oliver Cromwell occupied Cork in 1649, and the duke of Marlborough in 1690. There is a large oil refinery at Whitegate. Tourism is important, and notable attractions include prehistoric remains (dolmens and stone circles), the ruins of medieval abbeys and churches, and Blarney Castle. W hile visiting Blarney Castle you may want to kiss the Blarney Stone and get the gift of eloquence or, as an 18th century French consul put it, “gain the privilege of telling lies for seven years”. Queen Elizabeth I coined the phrase due to her irritation with Lord Blarney’s ability to talk endlessly without ever actually agreeing to her demands. To kiss the Blarney Stone, you must bend over backward and lower yourself down about two feet at the top of the castle. The castle itself is a tower house and was built around 1446 on a solid limestone mound. B larney Castle for the most part is in ruin. But, it is very interesting to climb the spiral staircases to the top of the castle. The spiral staircases are narrow and steep and were used to protect the inhabitants because only one invader at a time could come up the spiral staircase. The narrow windows should also be noted because they were also used to defend the castle. Arrows could easily be shot out the narrow windows at invaders, but it would almost be impossible to shoot an arrow in from outside.

The county town of Kerry is Tralee. Kerry consists of a series of mountainous peninsulas that extend into the Atlantic. Carrantuohill (3,414 ft/1,041 m), in the mountains known as Macgillycuddy’s Reeks, is the highest point in Ireland. The streams are short and precipitous, and many bogs exist. The Lakes of Killarney are a popular tourist attraction. Farming (oats and potatoes), fishing, sheep and cattle raising, and dairying are the chief occupations. Peat is sold commercially. Footwear is made in Tralee and Killarney. Many well-preserved dolmens, stone forts, round towers, castles, and abbeys still stand.

The county Limerick is an agricultural plain lying South of the Shannon estuary. The Golden Vale in the eastern part of the county and the Shannon bank are especially fertile. Dairy farming and salmon fishing are the chief occupations. On the Shannon River above Limerick is an important hydroelectric plant. Main manufactures include aluminum castings, automotive parts, concrete pipes, and office equipment. The county seat is the city of Limerick. Limerick is situated at the head of the Shannon estuary. The city has a port with two docks. The primary imports are grain, timber, and coal; exports include produce and fish. Limerick’s industries include salmon fishing, food processing, flour milling, computer manufacture, and lace making. It was occupied by the Norsemen in the 9th cent., became the capital of Munster under Brian Boru (c.1000), was taken by the English toward the end of the 12th cent., and was James II’s last stronghold in Ireland after the Glorious Revolution. The city has three sections – English Town, the oldest, on King’s Island; Irish Town to the south; and Newtown Pery, South of Irish Town, founded in 1769. Preserved in Limerick is the Treaty Stone, on which the treaty of 1691 was signed, granting the Irish Catholics certain rights, chiefly the guarantee of political and religious liberty. The repeated violations of this treaty during the reigns of William III and Queen Anne caused Limerick to be called City of the Violated Treaty. Of notable interest are a Protestant cathedral (12th cent.), a Roman Catholic cathedral, and the castle (begun 1210) of King John. Limerick is the site of a teacher’s college and the National Institute for Higher Education, a branch of the National University of Ireland.

The county and Roman Catholic seat of the county Clare is Ennis. The land is hilly, with many bogs and lakes; the coastline is especially rugged. Fishing is important, and sheep, cattle, and poultry are raised. Chief crops are oats and potatoes. Major industrial development occurred in the 1960s and 70s, including the creation of a large hydroelectric power station on the Shannon River. Ireland’s main airport, the Shannon International Airport, is located in the town Shannon. Clare is an area laden with prehistoric ruins and ancient Christian sites. Bunratty Castle was built in the 15th century by the Earl of Thomond, from here he ruled over his Chiefdom and entertained lavishly, in fact he was famous for his hospitality. Following this tradition of hospitality, the world renowned Bunratty Medieval Banquet is held throughout the year. In the Folk Park near Bunratty Castle visitors can view the varied dwellings and talk to some of the people who inhabited rural Ireland at the turn of the century. The Loop Head House - where the small fishing/farming family lived, The Blacksmith’s Forge, The Mountain Farm home of the subsistence farmer whose children slept in the loft, The Golden Vale farm house, home of the wealthy farmer, The Bothán Scór, a one roomed dwelling of the poor landless labourer. There are many other houses and people in this magical place, come and meet them and hear their stories. At Craggaunowen - the Living Past, we come to the arrival of the Celts in Ireland. The story is told of how they lived, fought, farmed, hunted and died. The changes they brought to the social organisation of the tribes, their dwellings and hunting methods are explained by the animators in character set in the time period. Craggaunowen has many stories to weave as tourists move from the Crannog (Lake dwelling) to the Ring Fort which was still in use when the Normans started building stone castles, a technology adopted by the Irish Celts. The cliffs of Moher are a scenic tourist attraction. The Cliffs are 8km long and 214m high.

Leitrim, Roscommon, Galway, Mayo, and Sligo are parts of the historical province of Connaught.

The county seat of Leitrim [le’trim] is Carrick-on-Shannon. Leitrim is divided into two parts by Lough Allen; the northern part is mountainous, the southern part level. Potatoes and oats are grown. Industries include textiles, electrical goods, and automotive parts. The population declined by more than 100,000 through the 20th century. The county seat of Roscommon [reske’mon] is Roscommon. A part of the central plain of Ireland, the region is low-lying and contains many lakes (Lough Allen and Lough Ree) and bogs. The Shannon, which forms the eastern border, and the Suck, which borders the county on the west, are the principal rivers. The economy is primarily dependent on agriculture; cattle and sheep are also raised. Industries and trade have developed. Several coal mines are operated in the northeast.

The county town of Galway [‘golwei] is Galway. The county is divided into two sections by Lough Corrib. The mountains of the Connemara region lie to the west; to the east stretches a rolling plain, partially covered with bogs. Principal rivers are the Clare, the Clarinbridge, the Dunkelin, and the Shannon (which forms part of the eastern boundary) and its tributary, the Suck. The shoreline is extremely irregular, and there are numerous islands, the chief of which are the Aran Islands, lying off the mouth of Galway Bay. The main industries are agriculture (sheep, cattle, oats, and potatoes) and fishing (salmon). Marble is quarried, and some light manufacturing has developed. Many mountains, lakes, streams, and glens help make Connemara a well-known vacation area. Particularly famous is the hardy breed of ponies peculiar to the region. In the town Roundstone you can watch the traditional craft of Bodhran [bowro:n] making. Bodhran is a one sided drum made from goatskin. Bodhrans are decorated by hand-painted designs.

The county seat of Mayo is Castlebar. The western portion, including large Achill island, is mountainous; the eastern part is more level. There are numerous lakes (Mask, Carrowmore, Cullen, Conn, and Carra), and the irregular coast line is deeply indented by bays (Killala, Broadhaven, Blacksod, and Clew). Oats and potatoes are grown; cattle, sheep, pigs, and poultry are raised. Woolens manufacturing, and flour milling are carried on. Tourism is developing.

The interior of county Sligo [slaigow] is mountainous, with the Ox Mountains, in the west and the Dartry range, rising to c.2,000 ft (610 m) in the northeast. Cattle raising (beef and dairy) is the chief occupation. Tourism is economically important. The population is less than one third of what it was before the potato famine of the mid-19th cent. A round tower at Drumcliffe is all that remains of a monastery founded by St. Columba in 575.

 

Task 6. Check yourself questions:

1. In which counties does the river Shannon flow?

2. Which counties are the richest in historical monuments?

3. What county is famous for the production of internationally famous crystal?

4. Where was “Braveheart” shot?

5. Name some of the more important towns. Which counties are mountainous?

6. What crops are grown in Ireland?

7. What industries prevail in Ireland?

8. Which counties have important ports?

 







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