Студопедия — ATTRIBUTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES
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ATTRIBUTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES






1. Attributive relative clauses usually refer to concrete nouns and may be introduced by the following connectives:

relative pronouns who, whose, whom, what, which, that, as
relative adverbs when, where, whence, wherein, why

2. Relative connectives are used in the following way:

a) who, whom, whose and that refer to people, e.g.

· A man whose voice seemed familiar to me gave commands.

· I saw a friend who/whom/that I hadn’t seen for years.

b) whom instead of who may be used when it is the object of the relative clause, though whom is not often used in everyday English.

· Desperate for money, she called her sister, whom (who) she hadn't spoken to in 20 years.

c) It is advisable not to use prepositions before relative pronouns in informal language, e.g.

The person to whom the money will be entrusted must be reliable. (formal English — unusual structure) = The person who the money will be entrusted to must be reliable. (informal English - usual structure)

The chair that you are sitting on is an antique. (informal English - usual structure)

d) whose may be used with people, objects and animals, e.g.

· That's the building whose windows were smashed.

· Solar energy is an idea whose time has come.

· The dogs whose owners will not be identified will be kept in the animals’ shelter.

e) which can refer back to a whole clause (occasionally that can be used, but it is rare), e.g.

· He helped me do the washing-up, which was kind of him.

· Selina lived over a teashop, which was convenient as she could send for cakes if she had visitors.

f) w hich and that refer to objects or animals, e.g.

· A computer is an electronic machine that/which stores information and uses programs to help you find, organize, or change the information.

· A camel is an animal which/that lives in hot countries.

3. The prepositional structures given in the box are often used to introduce relative clauses. They are always separated from the principal clause by a comma.

all of whom most of whom some of whom a few of whom half of whom
all of which most of which some of which a few of which half of which
none of whom none of which two of whom two of which  

· He invited a lot of people, all of whom were his friends.

· He has a number of watches, three of which are solid gold.

· She brought with her three friends, none of whom I had ever met before.

 

4. The following prepositional phrases are used in formal English to introduce a subordinate relative clause. They are always separated from the principal clause by a comma.

according to which instead of which in spite of which on which
to whom since when which fact each of which
during which time many examples of which the largest part of which by which time

· Then a breakfast was given in his honour, on which many speeches were pronounced.

· The medicine was overdosed, which fact caused the immediate death of the patient.

· For the party Selia made a delicious chocolate cheese case, the largest part of which was devoured by her husband.

5. Relative connectives can sometimes be omitted. Study the table below to see when it can happen.

Who/Which/That

can be omitted cannot be omitted
when it is the object of the relative clause when it is the subject of the relative clause
I spoke to a man (who) I had met before. (‘I’ is the subject) Compare: I spoke to a man. I met him before. (‘him’ is an object) I met a woman who was from Japan. (‘who’ is the subject) Compare: I met a woman. She was from Japan. (‘she’ is the subject)

 

6. There are certain rules that must be observed while using relative connectives. Some of the most important of them are:

a) that is never used after a comma or a preposition, e.g.

· This Chinese vase, which is on the coffee table, is very expensive. (that is impossible!)

· The house, which was completed in 1856, was famous for its huge marble staircase.

c) only that/what not which is used after the following words:

all none few little much the only no
some something everything any anything nothing  

· Is this all (what kind of all?) that you can do for me?

· It was a stiff, formal speech, not at all (what kind of all?) what she had wanted to say.

· When we got all (what kind of all?) what we want, that'll be never.

· The only thing (what kind of thing?) that is important to me is my family.

· You can't believe anything (what kind of anything?) that Kathy says.

· There is little that can be done at this stage.

· There is nothing that will make you a better surfer.’

Note: If these relative connectives are followed by a verb, they can be omitted, e.g.

· Is this all (what kind of all?) you can do for me?

· You can't believe anything (what kind of anything?) Kathy says.

But you can’t omit them in the following sentences:

· There is little that can be done at this stage.

· There is nothing that will make you a better surfer.’

c) only that is used with adjectives in the superlative form, e.g.

· It's the best song that I've ever heard.

· Jake was the smartest guy that I had ever had to work with.

Note: In spoken English, the relative connective ‘ that ’ after adjectives in the superlative form is usually omitted, e.g.

· It's the best song I've ever heard.

· Jake was the smartest guy I had ever had to work with.

d) if the antecedent is modified by the pronoun such, the relative pronouns as, who or that are used to introduce a relative clause, e.g.

· The girl was playing the piano with such feeling as/that couldn’t be expected from a child of her age.

e) Don’t confuse attributive relative clauses used after the pronoun ‘ such ’ and adverbial clauses of result. Compare:

Attributive relative clauses Adverbial clauses of result
· Such food (what kind of food?) as they gave us was scarcely fit to eat. · Such individuals (what kind of individuals?) who take up this role often find life frustrating. · Her condition deteriorated to such an extent that (what happened as a result?) a blood transfusion was considered necessary. · It's such a tiny kitchen that (as a result) I don't have to do much to keep it clean.

f) if the antecedent is modified by the pronoun the same, the following relative expressions can be used:

the same + as the same + who the same + that
the same + when the same + where  

· This is the same waiter who served us three days ago.

· We found the same place where we had a picnic last summer.

 







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