In comparison to ballasted track, the advantages of slab track (or ballastless track) are in general reduction of maintenance and a higher stability of the track:
- Maintenance costs amount to 20-30% of the maintenance costs of ballasted track. (Maintenance work like tamping, ballast cleaning and track lining is unnecessary);
- Near maximum availability and hardly any hindrance to residents due to scarce nightly maintenance works;
- The excess of superelevation and cant deficiency of the track with mixed use of freight-and-passenger trains does not cause altering of the track position;
- Simple corrections up to 26 mm in vertical position and 5 mm in horizontal position are possible to counteract small deformations;
- Reduced structure height and weight.
- Preventing the release of dust from the ballast bed into the environment.
In comparison to ballasted track, the disadvantages of slab track are in general:
- Large alterations in track position and superelevation can only be made possible by substantial amounts of work;
- Transitions between ballasted track and slab track require attention.
| Word
| Definition
| Translation
| Transcription
|
| affordable
| That does not cost too much money, so that people can afford to do or buy it
| допустимый; по средствам
| ə fɔː.də.bl
|
| (to be) aware of
| to have knowledge of experience of a particular thing
| знать, осознавать
| ə'weər
|
| backwards and forwards
| first in one direction and then in the opposite one
| в одном, а потом другом направлении
| bжk.wədz ə nd fɔː.wədz
|
| carpooling
| The practice of travelling to work together in one car and sharing the cost between several people
|
| kɑ pul
|
| carbon
| a simple chemical substance, which is an important part of substances such as coal and oil, as well as being contained in all plants and animals
| углерод
| kɑ.bən
|
| carbon emission
| Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide gases that sent out into the air, harming the environment
| выделение углерода
| kɑ.bən ɪˈmɪʃ.ən
|
| carbon footprint
| Someone's carbon footprint is a measurement of the amount of carbon dioxide that their activities produce.
| углеродный след
| kɑ.bən fʊt.prɪnt
|
| (to)carry out
| to do or complete something
| осуществлять; приводить в исполнение
| kжr.i aʊt
|
| catering
| the food, etc., provided at a function by a caterer
| кейтеринг, ресторанное обслуживание
| keɪ.tərɪŋ
|
| clarification
| an explanation or more details which makes something clear or easier to understand
| просветление, прояснение
| klжr.ɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən
|
| climate change
| the change in the world’s weather that is believed to be caused by human activity
| изменение климата
| klaɪ.mət tʃeɪndʒ
|
| (to)come up with
| to suggest or think of an idea or plan
| придумывать, предлагать, находить
| kʌm ʌp wɪр
|
| (to)commission
| to officially ask someone to write, make or carry out something for you
| делать заказ
| kə mɪʃ.ən
|
| component
| a part which combines with other parts to form something bigger
| компонент; составная часть
| kəm pəʊ.nənt
|
| conclusion
| the opinion you have after considering all the information about something
| умозаключение, вывод
| kən klu.ʒən
|
| convenient
| useful, easy or quick to do; not causing problems
| удобный, подходящий; пригодный
| kən vi.ni.ənt
|
| (to) create
| to make something happen or exist
| производить; создавать
| krieɪt
|
| currently
| of the present time
| текущий, данный
| kʌr.ənt
|
| damage
| to harm or spoil something
| вред, повреждение
| dжm.ɪdʒ
|
| disposal
| the act of getting rid of something, especially by throwing it away
| ликвидация; устранение
| dɪˈspəʊ.zəl
|
| (to)dispose
| to throw out or away
| ликвидировать, избавляться
| dɪˈspəʊ.zəl
|
| distribution
| the process of giving things out to several people, or spreading or supplying something
| распределение, распространение
| dɪs.trɪˈbju.ʃən
|
| ebilling
| sending people bills by email rather than by post asking them to pay money owed
| отправка счетов по электронной почте
| ɪ bɪl.ɪŋ
|
| ecological
| connected with or concerned about the environment
| экологический
| i.kəlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl
|
| effective
| producing a successful result
| действенный, результативный, эффективный
| ɪˈfek.tɪv
|
| electronic waste
| discarded electrical or electronic devices
| электронные отходы
| ɪˌlektrɒn.ɪk weɪst
|
| emission
| when gas, heat, light, etc. is sent out
| выделение, распространение
| ɪˈmɪʃ.ən
|
| (to)enable
| to make someone able to do something, or to make something possible
| давать возможность, право
| ɪˈneɪ.bl
|
| environment
| the air, water and land in or on which people, animals and plants live
| окружающая среда
| ɪn vaɪ ə .rə n .mənt
|
| environmentally friendly
| not harmful to the environment
| экологически приемлемый, не вредящий экологии
| ɪn vaɪ ə .rə n .men.təlɪ frendli
|
| (to) gain
| to get something that is useful, that gives you an advantage
| извлекать пользу, выгоду
| geɪn
|
| (to)get rid of
| to relieve or free oneself of (something or someone unpleasant or undesirable)
| избавляться
| get rɪd əv
|
| global warming
| an increase in the average temperature worldwide believed to be caused by the greenhouse effect
| глобальное потепление
| gləʊ.bəl wɔː.mɪŋ
|
| (to)go green
| to start doing smth to protect nature and the environment
| стать защитником окружающей среды
| gəʊ grin
|
| green
| relating to the protection of the environment
| принадлежащий движению защитников окружающей среды
| Grin
|
| green policy
| A set of ideas relating to the protection of the environment
| политика, обеспечивающая защиту окружающей среды
| grin pɒl.ə.si
|
| greenhouse effect
| an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere which is believed to be the cause of a gradual warming of the surface of the Earth
| парниковый эффект
| Grin.haʊs gжs ɪˈfekt
|
| greenhouse gases
| a gas which causes the greenhouse effect, especially carbon dioxide
| парниковые газы
| grin.haʊs gжs
|
| heating
| the system that keeps a building warm
| отопление
| Hi.tɪŋ
|
| hybrid
| using a mixture of two or more types of fuel, for example a petrol engine and an electric motor, so that less harm is caused to the environment
| гибрид, что-л. составленное из разнородных элементов
| haɪ.brɪd
|
| hybrid car
| a vehicle with an engine that uses both petrol and another type of energy, usually electricity
| легковой автомобиль с гибридным приводом
| haɪ.brɪd kɑːr
|
| incentive
| something that encourages you to do something
| побуждение, стимул
| ɪn sen.tɪv
|
| impact
| a powerful effect that something, especially something new, has on a situation or person
| сильное воздействие; влияние
| ɪm.pжkt
|
| initiative
| a new plan for dealing with a particular problem or for achieving a particular purpose
| инициатива, первый шаг
| ɪˈnɪʃ.ə.tɪv
|
| innovative
| using new methods or ideas
| новаторский, передовой
| ɪn.ə.və.tɪv
|
| insulated
| protected with a material that prevents heat, sound, electricity, etc. from passing through
| изолированный
| ɪn.sjʊ.leɪtɪd
|
| (to) introduce idea
| to put some ideas into use
| внедрять, привносить (идеи)
| ɪn.trədjus
|
| introduction
| when something is put into use or brought to a place for the first time
| введение
| ɪn.trə dʌk.ʃən
|
| (to)judge
| to form, give or have as an opinion, or to decide about something or someone, especially after thinking carefully
| оценивать, судить
| dʒʌdʒ
|
| (to)make an effort
| To try to do smth
| сделать усилие, попытаться
| meɪk ən ef.ət
|
| (to)maintain
| to keep in existence
| поддерживать, сохранять
| meɪn teɪn
|
| (to)move on
| to start a new activity
| идти дальше; переходить к (чему-л. новому)
| mu v ɒn
|
| moveable
| able to be moved
| передвижной, переносный, разборный
| mu.və.bl ̩
|
| neutral
| having features or characteristics that are not easily noticed
| нейтральный
| Nju.trəl
|
| original
| new and interesting in a way that is different from anything else
| оригинальный, новый
| ə rɪdʒ.ɪ.nəl
|
| (to)outsource
| To arrange for someone outside a company to do work or provide goods for that company
| привлекать (внешние ресурсы, специалистов, услуги) для выполнения собственных, внутренних задач компании
| aʊt.sɔːs
|
| particular
| special, or this and not any other
| особенный, специфический
| pə tɪk.jʊ.lər
|
| planet
| an extremely large round mass of rock and metal, such as Earth, which moves in a circular path around the Sun
| Земля, земной шар
| plжn.ɪt
|
| popular
| liked, enjoyed or supported by many people
| популярный, доходчивый
| pɒp.jʊ.lər
|
| postage
| the cost of sending a package, letter, etc by post
| почтовая оплата, почтовые расходы
| pəʊ.stɪdʒ
|
| presentation
| a talk giving information about something
| презентация
| prez.ən teɪ.ʃən
|
| (to) process
| to prepare, change or treat raw materials as a part of an industrial operation
| подвергать (технологическому) процессу; обрабатывать; перерабатывать
| prəʊ.ses
|
| recycling
| the practice of treating materials that have already been used so that they can be used again
| переработка отходов (для повторного использования)
| ri saɪ.klɪŋ
|
| (to)reduce
| to make something smaller in size, amount, degree, importance, etc
| понижать, сокращать, уменьшать
| rɪˈdjus
|
| reduction
| when you make or when something becomes smaller in size, amount, degree, importance, etc
| понижение, сокращение
| rɪˈdʌk.ʃən
|
| (to)refer
| to direct the attention of (someone) for information, facts, etc
| направлять; отсылать
| rɪˈ fɜ
|
| (to)register
| to put information, especially your name, into an official list or record
| регистрировать
| redʒ.ɪ.stər
|
| regulation
| an official rule or the act of controlling
| регулирование; упорядочение
| reg.jʊˈleɪ.ʃən
|
| reinsurance
| insurance bought by an insurance company to protect itself against large demands from its customers
| перестрахование, вторичная страховка
| ri ɪn ʃɔːrəns
|
| relatively
| quite good/bad/etc. in comparison with other similar things or with what you expect
| относительно, сравнительно
| rel.ə.tɪv.li
|
| renewable
| that is replaced naturally or controlled carefully and can therefore be used without the risk of finishing it all
| восстановимый, возобновляемый
| rɪˈnju.ə.bl ̩
|
| reputation
| the opinion that people in general have about someone or something
| репутация
| rep.jʊˈteɪ.ʃən
|
| (to) re-use
| to use something again
| снова использовать
| ri juz
|
| rubbish
| things that you throw away because you no longer want or need them
| мусор, хлам; отбросы;
| rʌb.ɪʃ
|
| (to)save energy
| to prevent the power from something such as electricity or oil being wasted
| экономить энергию
| seɪv en.ə.dʒi
|
| screen
| a flat surface in a cinema, on a television or a computer system on which pictures or words are shown
| экран
| skrin
|
| solar panel
| a device that changes energy from the sun into electricity
| солнечная батарея
| səʊ.lər pжn.əl
|
| (to)switch
| to change suddenly or completely, especially from one thing to another, or to exchange by replacing one person or thing with another
| переключаться, менять направление
| Swɪtʃ
|
| (to)take care
| to look after someone or something
| заботиться
| teɪk keər
|
| (to)take measures
| To do smth in order to improve or deal with a situation
| принимать меры
| teɪk meʒ.ərz
|
| theme
| the main subject of a talk, book, film, etc.
| тема
| иim
|
| (to)turn off
| to cause (something) to cease operating by turning a knob, pushing a button
| выключать
| tɜːn.ɒf
|
| underdeveloped
| (especially of a country) without modern industry or modern services that provide transport, health care, etc
| недоразвитый; слаборазвитый
| ʌn.də.dɪˈvel.əpt
|
| unusual
| different from what is usual or normal
| необыкновенный
| ʌnju.ʒu.əl
|
| useful
| that can help you to do or achieve what you want
| полезный, пригодный
| jus.fəl
|
| (good)value for money
| a good price for something
| то, что стоит свою цену
| vжl.ju fər mʌn.i
|
| vending machine
| a machine from which you can buy snacks, drink, etc. by putting coins into it
| торговый автомат
| ven.dɪŋ mə ʃin
|
| waste
| no longer needed for a particular process and therefore thrown away
| отходы (производства)
| weɪst
|
| waste paper
| paper discarded after use
| макулатура, использованная бумага
| weɪst peɪ.pər
|
| winter garden
| garden of evergreen plants and plants that flower in winter
| зимний сад
| wɪn.tər gɑː.dən
|
| within
| inside or not further than an area or period of time
| в пределах, в рамках
| wɪˈрɪn
|
| workplace
| a building or room where people perform their jobs, or these places generally
| рабочее место
| wɜːk.pleɪs
|
