| We use -er for short words(one syllable): cheap → cheaper fast → faster large → larger thin → thinner
| We use more... for longer words (two syllables or more): more serious more often more expensive more comfortable
|
| We also use -er for two-syllable words that end in -y (-y → ier): lucky → luckier early → earlier easy → easier pretty → prettier
| We also use more... for adverbs that end in -ly: more slowly more seriously more quietly more carefully
|
| Compare these examples:
|
| • You're older than me. • The exam was fairly easy - easier than I expected. • Can you walk a bit faster? • I'd like to have a bigger car. • Last night I went to bed earlier than usual.
| • You're more patient than me. • The exam was quite difficult - more difficult than I expected. • Can you walk a bit more slowly? • I'd like to have a more reliable car. • I don't play tennis much these days. I used to play more often.
|
| You can use -er or more... with some two-syllable adjectives, especially: clever narrow quiet shallow simple • It's too noisy here. Can we go somewhere quieter / more quiet?
|
A few adjectives and adverbs have irregular comparative forms:
good / well → better
• The garden looks better since you tidied it up.
• I know him well - probably better than anybody else knows him.
bad / badly → worse:
• 'How is your headache? Better?' 'No, it's worse."
• He did very badly in the exam - worse than expected.
far → further (or farther):
• It's a long walk from here to the park - further than I thought. (or farther than)
Further (but not farther) can also mean 'more' or 'additional':
• Let me know if you hear any further news. (= any more news)
Ex. 1. Complete the sentences using a comparative form (older / more important etc.).
1. It's too noisy here. Can we go somewhere quieter?
2. This coffee is very weak. I like it a bit _____________________.
3. The hotel was surprisingly big. I expected it to be _____________________.
4. The hotel was surprisingly cheap. I expected it to be _____________________.
5. The weather is too cold here. I'd like to live somewhere _____________________.
6. My job is a bit boring sometimes. I'd like to do something _____________________.
7. It's a pity you live so far away. I wish you lived _____________________.
8. I was surprised how easy it was to use the computer. I thought it would be _____________________.
9. Your work isn't very good. I'm sure you can do _____________________.
10. Don't worry. The situation isn't so bad. It could be _____________________.
11. I was surprised we got here so quickly. I expected the journey to take _____________________.
12. You're talking very loudly. Can you speak a bit _____________________?
13. You hardly ever phone me. Why don't you phone me _____________________?
14. You're standing too near the camera. Can you move a bit _____________________ away?
15. You were a bit depressed yesterday, but you look _____________________ today.
Comparison 2 (much better / any better / better and better / the sooner the better)
Before comparatives you can use:
much a lot far (= a lot) a bit a little slightly (= a little)
• Let's go by car. It's much cheaper. (or a lot cheaper)
• 'How do you feel?' 'Much better, thanks.'
• Don't go by train. It's a lot more expensive. (or much more expensive)
• Could you speak a bit more slowly? (or a little more slowly)
• This bag is slightly heavier than the other one.
• Her illness was far more serious than we thought at first. (or much more serious / a lot more serious)
Better and better / more and more etc.
We repeat comparatives (better and better etc.) to say that something changes continuously:
• Your English is improving. It's getting better and better.
• The city is growing fast. It's getting bigger and bigger.
• Cathy got more and more bored in her job. In the end she left.
• These days more and more people are learning English.
The... the...
You can say the (sooner/bigger/more etc.) the better:
• 'What time shall we leave?' 'The sooner the better.' (= as soon as possible)
• A: What sort of box do you want? A big one?
B: Yes, the bigger the better. (= as big as possible)
• When you're travelling, the less luggage you have the better.
We also use the... the... to say that one thing depends on another thing:
• The warmer the weather, the better I feel. (= if the weather is warmer, I feel better)
• The sooner we leave, the earlier we will arrive.
• The younger you are, the easier it is to learn.
• The more expensive the hotel, the better the service.
• The more electricity you use, the higher your bill will be.
• The more I thought about the plan, the less I liked it.
Older and elder
The comparative of old is older:
• David looks older than he really is.
You can use elder (or older) when you talk about people in a family. You can say (my/your etc.) elder sister/brother/daughter/son:
• My elder sister is a TV producer. (or My older sister...)
We say 'my elder sister', but we do not say that 'somebody is elder':
• My sister is older than me. (not elder than me)
Ex. 1. Complete the sentences using a comparative form (older / more important etc.).
1. It's too noisy here. Can we go somewhere quieter?
2. This coffee is very weak. I like it a bit _____________________.
3. The hotel was surprisingly big. I expected it to be _____________________.
4. The hotel was surprisingly cheap. I expected it to be _____________________.
5. The weather is too cold here. I'd like to live somewhere _____________________.
6. My job is a bit boring sometimes. I'd like to do something _____________________.
7. It's a pity you live so far away. I wish you lived _____________________.
8. I was surprised how easy it was to use the computer. I thought it would be _____________________.
9. Your work isn't very good. I'm sure you can do _____________________.
10. Don't worry. The situation isn't so bad. It could be _____________________.
11. I was surprised we got here so quickly. I expected the journey to take _____________________.
12. You're talking very loudly. Can you speak a bit _____________________?
13. You hardly ever phone me. Why don't you phone me _____________________?
14. You're standing too near the camera. Can you move a bit _____________________ away?
15. You were a bit depressed yesterday, but you look _____________________ today.
Практичне заняття № 3
Тема: Я – студент Факультету…
I am a student of the … faculty. Our faculty is one of the largest faculties in the University. We study a lot of different subjects: … and many others. Besides these subjects we study … and English. We study English to be able to communicate with people on different competitions.
Students are acquainted with all branches of …. They are lectured in various subjects.
During the first two years we attend lectures on … and …. In the third year more narrow specialization begins. We have several specialized courses and additional practical and research work in the subject they have chosen as their future specialty. Besides attending lectures we may join some scientific circle and choose a problem to work on according to our bents. All of us know that biology is the science of glorious past and great future. We do our best to acquire as much knowledge as possible.
Graduates of the … faculty are assigned to work as …, … and others.
Робота над текстом з апрофесійним спрямуванням.
Computer programs and music
Part 2
Audiograbber is a beautiful piece of software that grabs digital audio from cd's. It copies the audio digitally - not through the soundcard - which enables you to make perfect copies of the originals. It can even perform a test to see that the copies really are perfect. Audiograbber can also automatically normalize the music, delete silence from the start and/or end of tracks, and send them to a variety or external MP3 encoders. Audiograbber can download and upload disc info from freedb, an Internet
compact disc, database. You can even record your vinyl LP's or cassette tapes with Audiograbber and make wav's or MP3's of them. Expand your digital music collection with Audio Catalyst. It's easy to make MP3 files from all of your CDs - just insert the CD into your CD drive and go! With Audio Catalyst you get high-quality MP3s with very small file sizes, so you can have more hard drive space for your music. Audio Catalyst also includes the new Xing MP3 Player so you can create playlists, organize your MP3s, and more.
Ex. 1. Translate the given text. Prepare for a discussion.
Ex. 2. Answer the following questions.
1. What computer programmes are mentioned in the article?
2. Which of them is a notation programme?
3. Which pogramme allows you to edit, record, encode any form of digital audio?
Граматичний матеріал: Ступені порівняння прикметників/прислівників.
Comparison 3 (as... as / than)
Some more examples of not as... (as):
• Richard isn't as old as he looks. (= he looks older than he is)
• The town centre wasn't as crowded as usual. (= it is usually more crowded)
• Jenny didn't do as well in the exam as she had hoped. (= she had hoped to do better)
• The weather is better today. It's not as cold. (= yesterday was colder)
• I don't know as many people as you do. (= you know more people)
• 'How much did it cost? Fifty pounds?' 'No, not as much as that.' (= less than fifty poundsl
You can also say not so... (as):
• It's not warm, but it isn't so cold as yesterday. (= it isn't as cold as...)
Less... than is similar to not as... as:
• I spent less money than you. (= I didn't spend as much money as you)
• The city centre was less crowded than usual. (= it wasn't as crowded as usual)
Ex. 1. Complete the sentences using as... as.
1. I'm quite tall, but you are taller.
I'm not as tall as you.
2. My salary is high, but yours is higher.
My salary isn't __________________.
3. You know a bit about cars, but I know more.
You don't __________________.
4. It's still cold, but it was colder yesterday.
It isn't __________________.
5. I still feel quite tired, but I felt a lot more tired yesterday.
I don't __________________.
6. Our neighbours have lived here for quite a long time, but we've lived here longer.
Our neighbours haven't __________________.
7. I was a bit nervous before the interview, but usually I'm a lot more nervous.
I wasn't __________________.
Superlatives (the longest / the most enjoyable etc.)
Study these examples:
What is the longest river in the world?
What was the most enjoyable holiday you've ever had?
Longest and most enjoyable are superlative forms.
We normally use the before a superlative (the longest / the most famous etc.):
• Yesterday was the hottest day of the year.
• The film was really boring. It was the most boring film I've ever seen.
• She is a really nice person - one of the nicest people I know.
• Why does he always come to see me at the worst possible moment?
Compare superlative and comparative:
• This hotel is the cheapest in town. (superlative)
This hotel is cheaper than all the others in town. (comparative)
• He's the most patient person I've ever met.
He's much more patient than I am.
Ex.1. Complete the sentences. Use a superlative (-est or most...) + a preposition (of or in).
1. It's a very good room.
It is the best room in the hotel.
2. It's a very cheap restaurant.
It's __________________ the town.
3. It was a very happy day.
It was __________________ my life.
4. She's a very intelligent student.
She __________________ the class.
5. It's a very valuable painting.
It __________________ the gallery.
6. Spring is a very busy time for me.
It __________________ the year.
In the following sentences use one of + a superlative + a preposition.
7. It's a very good room.
It is one of the best rooms in the hotel.
8. He's a very rich man.
He's one ________________________ the world.
9. It's a very big castle.
It ________________________ Britain.
10. She's a very good player.
She ________________________ the team.
11. It was a very bad experience.
It ________________________ my life.
12. He's a very dangerous criminal.
He ________________________ the country.
Домашнє завдання:
1. Текст “Я – студент Факультету …”, словарний диктант.
2. Опрацювати текст “Молодіжні організації. Студентські свята. Участь студентів у суспільному житті. Традиції університету.”
3. Опрацювати текст за професійним спрямуванням.
4. Опрацювати граматичний матеріал, виконати подані вправи.
Практичне заняття № 4
Тема: Молодіжні організації України.
Student societies or student organizations
A student society or student organization is an organization, operated by students at a university,whose membership normally consists only of students. They are often affiliated with auniversity's students' union. Student societies often aim to facilitate a particular activity orpromote a belief system, although some (explicitly) require nothing more than that a member is a(former) student. Some are not affiliated with a specific university and/or accept non-universitystudents.
Typical examples are:
Faculty society - uniting students from one university faculty.
Regional society - uniting students from the same region or hometown.
Debating society - political debates.
Film society - often using lecture theatres to show films cheaply on campus.
Hiking club - organising trips.
International student society - introducing international students to one another.
Music society - student ensembles.
Civil Society - to encourage polite behaviour among future leaders.
Science fiction society - meeting to watch science fiction TV and films.
Taekwondo society, Karate club - meeting to learn martial arts.
Canada
The Alma Mater Society at Queen's University is the oldest such organization in Canada, and currently the most extensive in regard to student involvement. It is currently a multi-million corporation employing over 500 students.
Germany
In Germany, student societies are wide-spread and various, though by lack of support from the universities (and by force of variety); generally do not boast many members. Ireland
Student societies are widespread in Ireland's universities, with a wide range of activities catered for, including debating, role-play, gaming, faculty-based activities, and performing arts.
Граматичний матеріал: Числівник.
Numerals in English is a part of speech that defines the number or the order of items. There are simple numerals (1-12), derivative numerals (13-19) and composite numerals (for example: 21, 67, 147). There are cardinal and ordinal numerals in the English language.
1) Cardinal numerals show the number of certain items. They correspond to the interrogative word “How many?”
2) Ordinal numerals are used to show the order of items. They correspond to the question starting with the word “Which?”
Example: Such words as “a hundred”, “a thousand” and “a million” are nouns, not numerals. If these words are used in a singular form, they always go with the indefinite article “a” or the numeral “one”.
Ex.1. Write in words.
1.9.02.1997
2.22.06.1941
3.5.08.1975
4.7 + 5 = 12
5.7 + 25 = 32
6.I live in Tverskaya street 25, flat 69
7.121600 square miles
Ex. 2. Put in ordinal and cardinal numerals.
1.There are ________ months in a year.
2.January is ________ month of the year.
3.May is ________ month of the year.
4.There are ________ months in winter.
5.December is ________ month of the year and ________ month of winter.
6.There are ________ days in a week: ________ one is Monday, ________ one is Tuesday, ________one is Wednesday, ________ one is Thursday, ________ one is Friday, ________ one is Saturday and ________ one is Sunday.
7.Sunday is ________ day of the week in England and ________ one in Russia.
8.Monday is ________ day in Russia and ________ in Great Britain.
Домашнє завдання:
1. Повторити весь пройдений матеріал.
2. Підготуватись до написання контрольної роботи за рік (Моніторинг знань студентів І курсу нефілологічних спеціальностей (збірник текстових завдань, стор. 59, варіант 3).
Модулі самостійної роботи:
1. Структура англійського речення.
2. Проектна робота. Університет моєї мрії.
3. Індивідуальне читання за фахом (текст за професійним спрямуванням, переклад українською мовою, анотація до тексту)
Підсумкова тека:
1. Словник – мінімум (за профілем спрямування).
2. Тестування з граматики.
3. Контроль індивідуального читання за фахом.
Література:
1. Барановська Т.В. Граматика англійської мови. Збірник вправ: Навч. посібник. — Мова англ. — К.: ТОВ "ВП Логос", 2002. — 368с.
2. Верба Г.В. Граматика сучасної англійської мови. Довідник. — К.: Логос, 2000р. — 352с.
3. Гусак Т.М. Практикум з сучасної англ. мови. — К.: "Фірма "ІНКОС". 2002. — 308с.
4. Мисик Л.В., Арцишевська А.Л., Кузнєцова Л.Р., Поплавська Л.Л. Англійська мова. Комунікативний аспект. / За ред.. доц.. Мисик Л.В. — Підручник. — К.: Атака, 2000. — 368с.
5. Бонди Е.А. Английский язык для студентов-историков: Учебник. — 2-е изд.. испр. и доп. — М.: ООО "Издательство Астрель": ООО "Издательство АСГ\ 2001. — 400с.
6. Каушанская В.Л. Сборник упражнений по грамматике английского язика:Пособие для студентов педуниверситетов. — М.: 2000. — 214с.
7. Пестрякова Н.В. 100 английских разговорных тем: Для старшеклассников и абитуриентов. — X.: Форсинг, 1998. — 240с.
8. Raymond Murphy. English Grammar in Use. Cambridge University Press, 1985. – 325 c.
.
