| Глагол
| Present
| Past
| Future
|
| CAN
to be able to
Выражает реальную возможность, физическую или умственную способность.
| CAN
am
is able (to)
are
I can do it. (I am able to do it).
Я могу (в состоянии, умею) делать это.
| COULD was
able(to) were
I could do it. (I was ableto do it) Я мог (был Всостояний, умел)
делать это.
| shall
be able will(to)
I shall be able to db it. Я смогу (буду в состоянии, сумею) это сделать.
|
| MAY
to be allowed (to)
Выражаетдопущение BOЗ-можности,разрешение совершить действие.
| MAY
am
is allowed аге (to) You may go home now. Вы можете теперь пойти домой.
| MIGHT
was
allowed
were(to)
He said Imight smoke here.
Он сказал, чтоя могу курить здесь. She was allowed to go home Ей разрешилиидти домой.
|
shall
be allowed will (to)
You will be
allowed to swim.
Вы сможете
купаться (вам
разрешат).
|
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МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ И ИХ ЭКВИВАЛЕНТЫ,
ВЫРАЖАЮЩИЕ ДОЛЖЕНСТВОВАНИЕ
| Глагол
|
Present
|
Past
| Future
| С перфектной формой инфи-нитива
|
| MUST
Выражает долженствование
| MUST
I must do it now.
Я должен это сделать сейчас.
You must not do it. Вам нельзя этого делать
|
-
|
-
|
-
|
| ТО HAVE (ТО) Выражает вынужденную необходимость
| Have
to Has I have to do it now.
Мне нужно (приходится) делать это сейчас.
| Had (to)
I had to go there. Я должен был (мне пришлось) пойти туда Did you have to go there? We did not have to go there.
| Shall
have Will (to) You will have to go there. Вы должны будете (вам придется) пойти туда.
| -
|
- 35 -
| OUGHT
(ТО)
Выражает
мораль-ный долг
SHOULD
Выражает необходимость или совет.
| ought (to)
We ought to
help her. Мы должны (нам следует) ей. помочь
should
You should not go there. Вы не должны (вам не следует) идти туда.
| -
|
| Обозначает
действие,
которое дол-
жно было со-
стоиться, но
не состоялось
You ought to
have done it
yesterday.
Вы должны
были (вам
следовало,
следовало бы)
сделать это
вчера.
You should
have helped
him.
Вам следовало
помочь ему.
|
| NEED
Выражает необхо-димость, нецеле-сообраз-ность, обычно употребляется с отрица-нием.
| need
You needn't hurry. Вам не надо спешить.
|
|
| Обозначает действие, в совершении которого не было необходимости. You needn't have done it. Вам не нужно было (не было необходи-мости) этого
делать.
|
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- 36 -
| T0 BE (TO)
Выражает необхо- димость, преду-смотрен-ную планом,
ДОГОВО-
рен-ностью, распи-санием.
| am
are to
is
The train is
to arrive at
10.
Поезд должен
прибыть в 10.
| was
(to)
were
He was to attend the seminar. Он должен был присутствовать на семинаре.
|
| Обозначает действие, которое дол-жно было совершиться, но в действительности не имело места. They were to have met. Они должны были встретиться (но не встретились)
|
модальные глаголы, выражакще вероятность, предшлошше
| Глагол
| С неопределенной формой инфинитива
| С перфектной формой инфинитива
|
| MUST
Выражает вероят-ность
| Не must be working now.
Он, должно быть, (вероятно) сейчас работает. You must be tired after your work. Вы, должно быть, (вероятно) устали после работы.
| He must have been working for some hours Он, должно быть, (вероятно) работает уже несколько часов. Не must have finished his work. Он, должно быть, (вероятно) закончил свою работу.
|
| SHOUL0
OUGHT TO
| Не should be about 40.
| The train ought to have left.
|
| Выражает вероят-ность, предположение.
| Ему, наверное,
около 40.
Не ought to be at
home.
Он, должно быть,
дома.
| Поезд, должно быть,уже ушел.
|
| САN
Выражает сомнение (обычно с отрицанием).
| Не can't(couldn't) have said it. He может быть, чтобы он сказал это.
|
|
| MAY
Выражает предпо-ложение с оттен-ком неуверенности.
| Не may be working
now.
Возможно, он
работает сейчас.
Не may be at home
now.
0н, возможно, дома
сейчас.
| Не may have left the key on the table. 0н, возможно, оставил ключ на столе.
|
Exercise 1. Translate into Russian.
1. She can play chess.
2. I could find these data only yesterday.
3. Soon he'll be able to speak English.
4. It cannot be done.
5. Can you hear this strange noise?
6. I cannot but agree with you.
7. You can prepare the report by March.
8. Can you correct his mistakes?
9. She couldn't sleep that night.
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10. They cannot phone us from there.
11. I looked everywhere for the book but couldn't find it.
12. My grandmother loved music. She could play the piano very well.
Exercise 2. Ask someone if he or she can do or can't do these things. Let them answer. Example: Can you play chess?
Yes, I can /No, I can't. Play piano, paint, swim quickly, play guitar, cook cocktails, jump, knit, speak Spain (French, Serman) draw, write a report in English, translate from Italian, play football (voleyball, basketball), sing, dance, sew, go abroad.
Exercise 3. Say the same using can.
1. I'm able to help you.
2. He is unable to wake up so early.
3. You have a possibility to prepare the report by September.
4. We are unable to wait for her any longer.
5. Are you able to give me any book to read?
6. Are you able to learn all these words?
7. She was able to do it at once.
8. Were they able to suggest it before these events?
9. We are able to translate into English without any help.
10. Are you able to speak any foreign languages?
Must, to have to, to be to.
Exercise 1. Translate into Russian.
1. They must discuss this problem.
- 39 -
2. Let's hurry up. We mustn't be late.
3. The work must be done at once.
4. She must be working in the garden.
5. He must have done his lessons.
6. We must leave for Moscow tomorrow.
7. They must take the exam in winter.
8. Must he get up early in the morning?
9. She mustn't go to the library. We have this book.
10. You must wait for him out of town.
11. You mustn't tell anyone what I said.
Exercise 2. Say the same using to have to or to be to.
1. He must leave for Odessa.
2. We must not discuss this material.
3. Must you speak English in your English class?
4. She mustn't go to the library on Saturday.
5. Must he get up early every day?
6. I must go there tomorrow.
7. What must we do now?
8. This text must be translated by Friday.
9. You must speak louder and more slowly.
10. Nick must meet me here today.
11. We haven't got much time. We must hurry.
