In translating the Objective Infinitive Construction into Ukrainian we nearly always use a subordinate clause.He is a wonderful teacher and I’ve never seen him lose his temper or get angry about anything. However sometimes a sentence containing the Objective Infinitive Construction is rendered by a simple sentence. …the bombings at night made the old walls shake to their foundations. THE OBJECTIVE INFINITIVE CONSTRUCTION is used: 1. After verbs denoting sense perception such as to hear, to see, to watch, to observe, to notice, to feel, to smell + bare inf., e.g.: I haven’t heard anyone call me. I saw Brian enter the room. I felt the blood rush into my cheeks, and then leave them again. After verbs of sense perception only the Indefinite Infinitive Active is used. If the meaning is passive we find Participle II. I saw the fire slowly conquered. If a process is expressed Participle I Indefinite Active is used. He saw Fleur coming. Note 1: The verb to see is followed by a clause and not by the Objective InfinitiveConstruction when it is not really a verb of sense perception, i.e. when it means to understand, to realize. I saw that he didn’t realize the danger. I saw he knew everything. Note 2: After the verbs to see and to notice the Objective Infinitive Construction is not used with the verb to be; a subordinate clause is used in such cases. I saw that he was pale. He saw that I was excited. He only had time to notice that the girl was unusually pretty. Note 3: When the verb to hear is not a verb of sense perception, i. e. when it means “ to learn”, “to be told” a clause or a gerundial construction is used (not the Objective Infinitive Construction). I hear that he left for the South of his having left for the South Note 4: If the verb to know means to experience, to see, to observe, it is used in the Present Perfect with the bare Infinitive in the construction. I have never known him lose his temper before. 2. After verbs denoting mental activity such as to think, to know, to consider, to believe, to suppose, to expect, to imagine, to find, to feel, to trust, to prefer, etc. Here the infinitive is used in any form though the non-perfect forms are the most frequent. I know him to be an honest man. She believed him to have left for San Francisco.I believed her to be knitting in the next room. I should expect my devoted friend to be devoted to me. The doctor found his heart to have stopped two hours before. Note 1: With the verbs to think, to consider, to find the same idea can be expressed without an infinitive, e.g.: Boldwood thought her beautiful. She found the subject rather interesting. Note 2: If the doer of the action denoted by the infinitive is expressed in the subject of the sentence, the corresponding reflexive pronoun is used: He considered himself to be right. I believed myself to be a fool. You consider yourself an impressive person, eh? He declared himself to be their leader. She knew herself to be the cause of the trouble. He knew himself to be old, yet he felt young. 3. After the verbs of declaring: to pronounce, to declare, to report: I declare you to be out of your mind. The surgeon pronounced the wound to be a slight one.(сказав) He reported the boat to have been seen not far away. 4. After verbs denoting wish and intention: to want, to wish, to desire, to mean, to intend, to choose (хотеть). Only non-perfect common aspect Infinitive with “to” is used: I want you to come and dine with me. He only wished you to be near him. She desired me to follow her upstairs. I didn’t mean you to learn the poem by heart. He intended me to go with him to India. I don’t choose you to go by yourself to a hotel. (не хочу) 5. After verbs and expressions denoting feeling and emotion: to like, to dislike, to love, to hate, cannot bear, etc. I dislike you to talk like that. I hate him to be flogged. (коли його б’ють) I cannot bear you to speak of that. 6. After verbs denoting order and permission: to order, to allow, to suffer, to have, to permit, to let, to forbid, to bid, to tell, to require, to ask. To have to let + bare Inf. To bid Here we find the Objective Infinitive Construction only if the object is expressed by a noun denoting a lifeless thing or when the infinitive is passive. This restriction does not apply to the verbs to suffer, to have. Mr. Merdle ordered his carriage to be ready early in the morning. She … had never allowed the name of John Gordon to pass her lips. He ordered the room to be aired. The doctor ordered the patient to be ready for the operation. = to be prepared (by the nurse) The teacher asked the books to be brought. s uffer + Obj. Inf. C = неохоче дозволити, дозволити (з важким серцем) not suffer + Obj. Inf. C = не допустити not have + Obj. Inf. C =не допустити Mr. Dombey suffered Florence to play with Paul. She suffered Mr. Franklin to lead her back into the room. Miss Jemima could not suffer Becky to leave the Academy without a present. #I won’t have you speak like it, dear Tess. 7. After verbs denoting compulsion to make + bare inf. – примусити to cause – примусити, віддати розпорядження to get – добитися to have + bare inf. – примусити,веліти, щоб to induce – змусити to force - примусити to urge – примусити, спонукати, переконувати. Light steps in the gravel made him turn his head. The noise caused her to awake. She caused a telegram to be sent to him. I cannot get her to finish her lessons. Mr. Dalrymple had the dragman bring in the soap. We urged him to take steps. I wish I could bring you to see my point. I cannot bring myself to believe. The teacher had the pupil fetch some chalk. 8. After certain verbs requiring a prepositional object: t o count (up)on, to rely (up)on, to look for, to listen to, to wait for: I rely on you to come in time. Can’t I count upon you to help me? The gerund, however, is also possible here, e.g.: I rely on your coming in lime. After the verb to listen to the Infinitive is used without the particle “to”. He was listening attentively to the chairman speak.
The For – to – Infinitive Construction
In the for – to – infinitive construction the infinitive (usually an infinitival phrase) is in predicate relation to a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case introduced by the preposition “for”. The construction is used where the doer of the action (or the hearer of the state), expressed by the infinitive, is different from that of the finite verb (the predicate).
In translating this construction into Ukrainian a subordinate clause or an infinitive is used: He longed for me to see the truth. Він дуже хотів, щоб я дізнався правди. The construction can have different functions in the sentence. It can be: 1. Complex subject (often introduced by the introductory “it”): For me to hear him was disturbing. It was difficult for him to do anything else. Exceptions: The for-to-infinitive construction cannot be used after: nice kind It’s sensible of somebody to do something з вашого боку … silly stupid It’s nice of you to help him. – Мило з вашого боку, що ви допомогли йому. 2. Complex predicative. In this function the construction is usually used with the link-verb “to be”: That was for him to find out. What we want is for you to understand the matter clearly. 3. Complex object. The construction functions as object of both verbs and adjectives: a) She watched for the door to open. He asked for the papers to be brought. b) His family were anxious for him to do something. I’m so glad for you to have come at last. Complex object may also be introduced by the formal “it”: I think it necessary for you to take a taxi. I believe it best for you to stay here. Your attitude made it difficult for him to tell the truth. 4. Complex attribute: There was no need for him to be economical. There’s nobody here for me to play with. Where is there for me to go? 5. Complex adverbial modifier of purpose: She paused for him to continue. He stepped aside for me to pass. 6. Complex adverbial modifier of result/consequence: easy too old for somebody to do something young
easy old enough for somebody to do something young He spoke loud enough for her to hear. The wall was too high for anything to be visible. Exercises: 1. Insert the infinitive with the particle “to” before it where necessary: 1. She began (to talk) of Moscow. 2. I don’t want them (to think) you in the wrong. 3. It was a command from her mother, and there was nothing for her (to do) but (to obey) it. 4. You must (to take) care not (to offend) her. 5. I’d rather not (to go) home that way. 6. “I think we’d better (to go) and (to get) dry,” he said. 7. I stood by the door and watched him (to take) the drinks over to Wells. 8. “Do you want (to write)?” – “Of course.” – “Then why not (to write) it?” 9. It heartened Mary (to hear) him (to speak) so lightly. 10. How dare you (to interfere) with my private concerns? No, don’t speak. Don’t try (to excuse) yourself. 11. Liza felt herself (to grow) red to the tips of her toes. 12. I had not seen Jimmie (to lose) his temper before. 13. Mrs. Carey rose (to help) her (to lay) the cloth. 14. Why not (to make) him a doctor like his father? 15. He would never cease (to regret) his lost opportunities. 16. I want (to begin) (to earn) my corn. 17. I used (to spend) a lot of time in Robinson’s rooms. 18. He never let himself (to be) angry. 2. Use the required form of the infinitive in brackets. Insert the particle “to” where necessary: 1. I want (to go) to the East. 2. That was the last thing she expected (to hear) him (to say). 3. At that hour she was unaccustomed (to disturb) by anyone. 4. She couldn’t let herself (to cry). 5. He wished (to make) the most of his opportunity. 6. He seemed (to think) over what he wanted (to say). 7. I watched the shore (to come) close, then (to swing) away, then (to come) closer. 8. He wants (to congratulate) you in person. 9. “As soon as Joe gets here,” Mel instructed, “I want (to notify) wherever I am.” 10. The question is, what had I better (to do) with this house? 11. Wrap up my lunch, child. I must (to go) now. 12. He doesn’t like (to keep) waiting. 13. I don’t like (to see) men (to cry). I don’t even like (to see) women or babies (to cry). 14. I hate (to leave) our fine house. 15. They do nothing but (to talk) about it all day long. 16. There was nothing (to do) but (to knit) all day long. 17. His face showed his grief and how upset he was, and his eyes seemed (to ask) for consolation. 18. He had felt that they should (to bring) up by their mother. 19. But he dared not (to ask) what was in her mind. 20. He felt that her friends ought (to choose) for her. 21. “We’re just going in,” he said to Bosinney; “You’d better (to come) back to dinner with us.” 22. The street and the house were quiet, but from St Charles Avenue and beyond could (to hear) distant sounds of the awakening city. 23. I have never heard anyone but them (to do) so. 3. Use the required form of the infinitive in brackets. Insert the particle “to” where necessary: 1. I decided (to make) a fuss, and went (to look) for Robinson. 2. We walked to the door and I saw her (to go) in and down the hall. I liked (to watch) her (to move). 3. Let’s (to go) and (to find) him, he’s sure (to be) in front of his picture. 4. It’s very interesting (to hear) you (to say) that. 5. Some important decisions must (to make) soon. 6. You must (to do) something heroic at that time. 7. I think he must (to suffer) from injury now. 8. You must (to dream) of it long. 9. She liked, passionately (to like), (to think) worthy of confidence. 10. Let me (to hold) the baby, Scarlett. Oh, I know how (to hold) babies. 11. She noticed that he seemed (to look) at the sideboard and with her engaging smile leaned forward. 12. Do you want (to make) something (to happen)? 13. But there is something else (to do). 14. I have not done much for you. You might (to ask) much more at that time. 15. “If you’ve got nothing to say,” I said, “Why (to try) (to say) it? Why not (to have) a little rest?” 16. There was one more announcement (to make). 4. State the syntactic function of the infinitive: 1. He began to describe in detail the beauties of the picture. 2. She didn’t trouble to put on a hat. 3. To dine there on a June evening was a delight. 4. The only thing she could do was to give advice. 5. We used to spend a lot of in a Greek club. 6. They planned to spend their two week’s summer holiday in London. 7. I’d better come round and see what I can do for you. 8. He had other things to think of. 9. His boots stood in front of the fire to warm. 10. She was silent as they continued to walk. 11. Harry refused to go with them. 12. It is depressing to read about depression. 13. You’d better go home and talk it over with your husband. 14. He was not the man to take back the offer he had made. 15. I don’t think I look strong enough to drag a baby up the mountain. 16. I know I ought not to have come here. 17. He was too timid to speak. 18. She hurried away to fetch an egg. 19. Our aim was to find Robinson’s house. 20. I don’t want to quarrel with you. 21. His pipe ceased to draw. 22. I nodded and tried to look pleased. 23. I think the pain is going to start again at any minute. 5. Use the appropriate form of the infinitive in brackets: 1. He must (to read) something funny; he is smiling all the time. 2. They seemed (to learn) the news; they looked excited. 3. This book is said (to sell) out already. 4. I am glad (to introduce) you. 5. The box was (to handle) with care. You should (to ask) someone (to help) you. This might not (to happen). 6. This man must (to sit) here for about an hour. Who can he (to wait) for? 7. Her mood seems (to change) for the worse. We had better not (to speak) to her now. 8. The first thing (to do) was (to get) somebody (to take) the luggage to the station. 9. Look how animated they are! It must be nice (to dance) like that. 10. I am sorry (to disappoint) you but I did not mean anything of the kind. 11. He is happy (to award) the first Landscape Prize for his picture. 12. He was anxious (to take) the first place in the figure skating competition. 13. The poem can easily (to memorize). 14. This poem is easy (to memorize). 15. I meant (to ask) you about it long ago but I had no opportunity. 16. I did not expect (to ask) this question. 17. There were so many things (to do), so many experiments (to try). 18. Don’t you worry about him, he is sure (to have) a good time at the moment. 19. Why (to go) into that matter at all? 20. The teacher expected him (to give) a better answer at the examination. 21. They are supposed (to experiment) in this field for about a year and are believed (to achieve) good results. 6. Choose the proper form of the infinitives in brackets: 1. I’ve tried (to plan, to have planned) you a house here with some self-respect of its own. 2. “Well,” he said, “there’s nothing more (to see, to be seen) here.” 3. Did he ever ask you (to engage, to be engaged) or talk about marrying? 4. What happened is a very long time ago. I’m going (to ask, to have asked) her to let bygones be bygones. 5. Henet was one of those people whose fate is (to devote, to be devoted) to others and to have no one devoted to them. 6. It had been the Christmas Eve custom of the Carter’s (to hang, to have hanged) up their children’s stockings and (to fill, to have filled) them with inexpensive toys. 7. George Mellis was (to meet, to have met) his wife the evening before at Dark Harbour, but he had not shown up. 8. She watched him with lips ready (to speak, to have spoken) at any minute. 9. I had no cases of special interest (to attend, to be attended). 10. He meant (to come, to have come) and (to see, to have seen) them but failed to do so. 7. Use the infinitives in brackets in the appropriate form: 1. It was foolish not ______ (to call) a doctor, but I did not, well, out of respect for her feeling. 2. She was prepared _______ (to think) wrong-headed, but not naïve. 3. Come, I have finished _______ (to dig) and am going _______ (to plant). 4. I’m deeply sorry _______ (to involve) you in this. 5. At home Mrs. Goff would have kept my supper. You had to be on the dot _______ (to feed), so I usually went with one or the other _________ (to have) cheese rolls and beer. 6. Don’t expect comfort. You’ve just got ______ (to be) thankful if we get bed _______ (to sleep) on and a roof over our heads. 7. “Perhaps,” suggested Rollock, “the man didn’t want ________ (to see) turning into the house from the road.” 8. At last Mor allowed himself _______ (to persuade). 9. “Do you want _______ (to come) in and (to wash) up?” he asked suddenly. “No, thanks,” said John. “I ought ________ (to go) home – my wife‘ll be worried.” 10. I began _______ (to walk) very slowly. 8. Use the infinitive in brackets in the appropriate form after the modal verbs: 1. Old Jolyon said simply, “I suppose I oughtn’t _______ (to come) here, Jo.” 2. I fancy he must ________ (to take pains) to conceal what happened. 3. “You shouldn’t ________ (to leave) your lift door unbolted, miss. You really shouldn’t.” “I shan’t again,” said Pat, with a shiver. 4. If you don’t mind – I should much _______ (to oblige) if you would stay. 5. She knew that she ought _______ (to jump) out of bed, put her arms round her mother, and attempt to comfort her. 6. He wished Chilla was still there, and he could _______ (point) her out to him. 7. He must ________ (to get) tired of going up and down in lifts. 8. They’re all grown up, as old as the hills, and Mama thinks you might ___________ (to bore). Should you mind staying here? 9. On this she left the room, and, glancing at my watch, I hurried out to pay some visits that ought _________ (to make) earlier in the day. 10. “Why, you’ve been crying,” he said. “You oughtn’t _________ (to cry) at your age.” 9. Turn the following sentences into sentences with complex subject: Model: It seems that he is not in the habit of coming in time. – He seems not to be in the habit of coming in time. A. 1. It seemed to him that his father was inclined to be patient with him. 2. It was felt that she was perfectly capable of taking care of herself. 3. It is believed that his advice was ignored. 4. They say that he is honest. 5. A group of people at the gangway saw that the boat came into harbour. Model: He was taken aback. (to seem) – He seemed to be taken aback. B. 1. She is busy today. (to seem) 2. The situation has changed a lot. (to appear) 3. The Crimea was visited by numerous hikers last summer. (to know) 4. He didn’t have any money with him. (to happen) 5. Amy Driffield would never speak to me again. (unlikely) 10. Complete the following, using the correct form of the infinitive; translate the sentences into Ukrainian: 1. He seems (to choose) books for a whole hour. 2. He didn’t answer at once. He seemed (to clear) his throat. 3. You always seem (to leave) your things all around the place. 4. She looks sad. She appears (to hear) the news. 5. She didn’t seem (to look) at me but at somebody behind. 6. She heard the remark, but she didn’t appear (to hurt). 7. He seems (to wear) the same suit the whole year. 8. She didn’t seem (to interest) in the problem. 9. He seems (to fail) with his new job. 10. The letter doesn’t seem (to reach) him. 11. They seem (to use) this method for years. 12. Why did he rush away so suddenly? He seems (have) some business to attend to. 11. Paraphrase the following so as to use a complex subject, use the verb in brackets: 1. Life begins at 40. (to believe) 2. Tastes change with age. (to say) 3. The lecture will be attended by all the students. (to suppose) 4. The department will have to employ another ten people in connection with the seasonal rush of orders. (to expect) 5. The driver has crossed the traffic lights when they were red. (to believe) 6. The results of the experiment surpassed all expectations. (to say) 7. The new play was received with indifference. (to say) 8. Atlantis, an island in the Atlantic Ocean, first mentioned by Plato sank into the sea. (to say) 9. The Greek and Roman myths and legends are an important part of our cultural heritage. (to consider) 12. Transform the following sentences into sentences with complex object: Model: I still consider they are right. – I still consider them to be right. A. 1. He saw that the woman turned round the corner. 2. They required that I should arrive at 8 a. m. 3. The judge ordered that the prisoner should be remanded. 4. I believe that they are very good at physics and other pure sciences. 5. He did what he could, though considered he got little thanks for it from his wife and five kids. Model: She reddened on hearing these words. (to see) – He saw her redden on hearing these words. B. He went downstairs. (to hear) 2. They married a year ago. (to believe) 3. He ate much and slept after lunch. (to force, to induce) 4. His clothes looked smart. (to like) 5. I feel quite at home here. (to make) 13. State the syntactic function of the “for – to – infinitive – construction”: 1. On the first occasion it was necessary for him to indicate his requirements to her. 2. The top of this was covered with a thin layer of soil and coarse grass and shaded with young trees. There was not enough soil for them to grow to any height. 3. He waited impatiently for Eliza to go on. 4. There is nothing for you to do but leave at once. 5. The best thing is for you to do it now. 6. She spread jam for him and cut up the bread and butter into convenient slices for the child to eat. 14. Define the function of the “for – complex”: 1. I think it dangerous for us to go to the Crimea in this old car. 2. He has reached the age when it is necessary for him to think of the future. 3. The idea was not clear enough for young people to understand. 4. My advice is for you to keep away from colds. 5. There was nothing for them to argue about. 6. We stopped the bus for the tourists to get on. 7. It was a reasonable remark for her to make. 8. The best thing is for you to send them a telegram. 9. The streets were too busy for us to drive fast. 10. He repeated it twice for everybody to understand him. 11. That day there was no business for me to attend to. 12. It’s important for a woman to always be dressed in good taste. 13. He held the door open for her to come in. 14. We are sorry for you to have left the seaside so soon. 15. The climb was too dangerous for us to risk our lives. 15. Paraphrase the following sentences so as to use “for – to – infinitive –construction”: 1. Sandy stood at the kitchen door waiting till Miss Browdie came for a walk by the sea. 2. It is time that you should go, Tom. 3. There was nobody who she could speak to. 4. A peasant was walking wearily towards us, and we waited till he came up to us in order to ask the way again. 5. Janet sat and waited till they went away. 6. She then sat down in Mrs. Anthony’s chair and waited till the kettle boiled. 7. Was it possible that she could forget him? 8. Then she made her way to the kitchen where the tray had been set by Mrs. Anthony and waited till Mrs. Pettigrew made the tea. 9. He waited till she spoke. 16. Translate the following sentences into English: 1. Она позвонила, чтобы они навестили ее в начале сентября. 2. Джейн была очень рада, что может поехать отдыхать со своей сестрой. 3. Она говорила достаточно громко, чтобы все могли ее хорошо слышать. 4. Она ждала, пока Анна вернется с прогулки. 5. Она ждала, пока муж заплатит за такси. 6. В восемь часов дети вошли, чтобы сказать спокойной ночи, и подошли к матери, чтобы она могла их поцеловать. 7. Моим друзьям было трудно успевать за мной. 8. Он позвонил, чтобы сестра пригласила нового пациента. 9. Мне трудно подниматься по лестнице. 17. State the function of a simple infinitive or an infinitive construction: 1. Surely it is not at all necessary to go into details. 2. I rose to receive my guests. 3. He seems to be satisfied to be doing nothing. 4. Passing by a radio – shop he suddenly remembered to buy some tape for his recorder. 5. At the sight of the man I felt an impulse to laugh. 6. Her first action was to visit the establishment of a famous dressmaker. 7. I could not help but tell him everything about the past two months. 8. He was too astonished to speak. 9. It is a great pleasure to make your acquaintance. 10. The best thing Lanny could do was to get out of here. 11. Soon the boy began to take an interest in his surroundings. 12. To know London is to know the contrasts of a big capitalist city. 13. He waited for her to speak but it seemed that her answer would never come. 14. It is said that the best way to see London is from the top of the bus. 15. I would like to get these shoes half – soled. 16. I want you to tell me what you know of the East End. 17. Lanny watched Mabel go. THE GERUND The gerund developed from the verbal noun, which in course of time became verbalised preserving at the same time its nominal character. The gerund is formed by adding the suffix -ing to the stem of the verb, and coincides in form with Participle I.
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