Студопедия — Forms of the Gerund
Студопедия Главная Случайная страница Обратная связь

Разделы: Автомобили Астрономия Биология География Дом и сад Другие языки Другое Информатика История Культура Литература Логика Математика Медицина Металлургия Механика Образование Охрана труда Педагогика Политика Право Психология Религия Риторика Социология Спорт Строительство Технология Туризм Физика Философия Финансы Химия Черчение Экология Экономика Электроника

Forms of the Gerund






In modern English, the gerund has the following forms.

 

  Active Passive
Indefinite playing being played
Perfect having played having been played

 

8.1. The Indefinite Gerund denotes an action simultaneous with that expressed by the finite verb; it can refer to the past, present or future.

It was nice meeting you.

Dancing is not allowed.

The Perfect gerund denotes an action prior to that of the finite verb.

Sarah remembered having visited the place before.

They deny having spoken with him.

However, the Indefinite gerund can also denote a prior action:

a) after the verbs remember, forget, excuse, forgive, thank.

Sarah remembered visiting the place before.

b) after the prepositions after, on/upon, without.

On turning the corner, I saw a most unexpected sight. (=As soon as I had turned…)

8.2. The Active Gerund is used when the subject of the action is at the same time the doer of the action expressed by the gerund.

They left without playing the match.

The Passive Gerund is used when the subject is not the doer of the action but a person or a thing the action is directed at.

Let’s not risk being caught in a traffic jam.

I’m annoyed at having been made a fool of.

The Active Gerund is used after need, want, require, deserve and the adjective worth with a passive meaning.

These windows need painting. (=need to be painted)

The cupboard wants tidying out.

The guided tour might be worth taking.

 

Functions of the Gerund

In a sentence, the gerund is used in different syntactic functions:

Subject

I think walking in the country is a lovely way to spend a day.

If the gerund follows the predicate the sentence opens with a formal subject: the introductory it or the construction there is.

It wouldn’t be much use trying to stick the pieces together again.

There was no mistaking the expression on her face.

She made up her mind – there’s no arguing with her.

Predicative

Jeremy’s hobby is inventing computer games.

What I suffer from is not being able to sleep.

Part of a compound modal or aspect predicate

I can’t help feeling depressed sometimes.

She never stopped complaining about having to walk so far.

Direct Object

I enjoy travelling.

Do you mind waiting a moment?

Imagine never having been abroad.

The gerund is used after certain verbs, such as:

admit detest justify resist resent

advise dislike mention risk

allow endure mind save

anticipate enjoy miss suggest

appreciate escape permit tolerate

avoid excuse practise deny

confess face put off imagine

delay forget recommend involve

The Gerund as a direct object is also used after the adjective worth.

The book is evidently worth reading.

Prepositional object

In this function the gerund is used after such verbs as:

admit to depend on

(dis)agree with insist on

aim at object to

apologize for pay for

(dis)approve of put up with

believe in rely on

benefit from resort to

care for succeed in

confess to think of

count on vote for

worry about

Jake is thinking of selling his motor-bike.

We believe in giving people the freedom to choose.

The gerund can also follow a verb+object+preposition.

The article accuses the government of concealing important information.

We find the gerund after such verbs as:

accuse of deter from prevent from stop from

blame for discourage from punish for thank for

charge with excuse for/from remind of use for

congratulate on forgive for tell about warn about

 

The gerund is used as a prepositional object after certain adjectives, such as:

afraid of capable of grateful for sorry for

amazed at content with guilty of surprised at

angry about/at dependent on happy about/with used to

annoyed about/at different from/to interested in worried about

anxious about excited about/at keen on wrong with

ashamed of famous for nervous of satisfied with

aware of fed up with pleased about/with

bad at fond of ready for

bored with good at responsible for

I’m nervous of saying the wrong thing.

My husband isn’t very good at cooking.

She’s keen on riding.







Дата добавления: 2015-09-15; просмотров: 652. Нарушение авторских прав; Мы поможем в написании вашей работы!



Практические расчеты на срез и смятие При изучении темы обратите внимание на основные расчетные предпосылки и условности расчета...

Функция спроса населения на данный товар Функция спроса населения на данный товар: Qd=7-Р. Функция предложения: Qs= -5+2Р,где...

Аальтернативная стоимость. Кривая производственных возможностей В экономике Буридании есть 100 ед. труда с производительностью 4 м ткани или 2 кг мяса...

Вычисление основной дактилоскопической формулы Вычислением основной дактоформулы обычно занимается следователь. Для этого все десять пальцев разбиваются на пять пар...

Ганглиоблокаторы. Классификация. Механизм действия. Фармакодинамика. Применение.Побочные эфффекты Никотинчувствительные холинорецепторы (н-холинорецепторы) в основном локализованы на постсинаптических мембранах в синапсах скелетной мускулатуры...

Шов первичный, первично отсроченный, вторичный (показания) В зависимости от времени и условий наложения выделяют швы: 1) первичные...

Предпосылки, условия и движущие силы психического развития Предпосылки –это факторы. Факторы психического развития –это ведущие детерминанты развития чел. К ним относят: среду...

Методика обучения письму и письменной речи на иностранном языке в средней школе. Различают письмо и письменную речь. Письмо – объект овладения графической и орфографической системами иностранного языка для фиксации языкового и речевого материала...

Классификация холодных блюд и закусок. Урок №2 Тема: Холодные блюда и закуски. Значение холодных блюд и закусок. Классификация холодных блюд и закусок. Кулинарная обработка продуктов...

ТЕРМОДИНАМИКА БИОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ СИСТЕМ. 1. Особенности термодинамического метода изучения биологических систем. Основные понятия термодинамики. Термодинамикой называется раздел физики...

Studopedia.info - Студопедия - 2014-2024 год . (0.013 сек.) русская версия | украинская версия