Currency and Other Forms of ExchangeI. Translate the vocabulary.
Crime 1. Offence (US offense) 2. Offence against the law 3. Felony 4. Misdemeanour 5. Criminal offence 6. Malice 7. Negligence 8. Damage 9. Assault 10. Theft 11. Shoplifting 12. Robbery 13. Bank robbery 14. Burglary 15. Larceny 16. Petty (grand) larceny 17. Mixed (compound) larceny 18. Vandalism 19. Battering 20. Rape 21. Murder (attempted) 22. First degree \ premeditated murder 23. Arson 24. Manslaughter 25. Hijacking 26. Treason 27. Contempt of court 28. Breach of the peace 29. Wiretapping 30. Violation\ infraction 31. Forgery 32. Slander 33. Libel 34. To libel 35. Bribe 36. Possessing a gun unlawfully 38.Counterfeiting bank notes 39. Driving without a license 40. Drunken driving 41. Helping criminals escape 42. Parking in the wrong place 43. Receiving stolen property 44. Hostage-taking 45. Contract killing 46. Racketeering 47. Drug trafficking 48. Pickpocketing 49. Flogging 50. Bigamy 51. Espionage 52. Fraud 53. Kidnapping 54. Tax evasion 55. Trespass 56. Joyriding 57. Blackmail 58. Terrorism 59. Mugging 60. Hooliganism 61. Embezzlement 62. Swindling 63. Perjury 64. Abuse of power 65. Speeding 66. Disorderly conduct 67. High treason 68. assassination Criminals 1. Guilty 2. Innocent 3. Criminal 4. State criminal 5. Habitual criminal 6. Thief 7. Shoplifter 8. Robber 9. Breaker 10. Burglar 11. Gangster 12. Gang of thieves 13. Gang of highwaymen 14. Slanderer 15. Libeller 16. Rapist 17. Drug dealer =drug pusher 18. Briber 19. Vandal 20. Smuggler 21. Murderer 22. Mugger 23. Arsonist 24. Pickpocket 25. Blackmailer 26. Prison breaker 27. Violator 28. Alleged violator 29. Jail-bird 30. Hired assassin 31. Vandal 32. Accused 33. Defendant 34. Accomplice 35.Indictable offender 36.Juvenile offender 37. Convict 38. Prisoner 39. State prisoner 40. Detainee Participants of the lega procedure. Courts and trials 1. Policeman \ policewoman 2. Criminalist 3. Safeguard 4. Lawyer 5. Attorney 6. Attorney for the plaintiff (in civil cases) 7. Company lawyer 8. Judge 9. Parties to a lawsuit 10. Defence counsel 11. Counsel for the defence 12. A probation officer 13. Solicitor 14. Bailiff 15. Claimant \ plaintiff 16. (Credible) witness 17. Prosecutor 18. Jury 19. Juror 20. Justice 21. Appointed counsel 22. Retained counsel 23. Court 24. Trial court 25. Common pleas courts 26. Municipal courts 27. County courts 28. Mayors courts 29. Courts of claims 30. Courts of appeals 31.The State Supreme Court 32. District courts 33. Juvenile courts 34. To bring a suit against somebody 35. To file a suit 36. To sue somebody for smth. 37. Trial 38. Public trial 39. Framed-up trial 40. To await a trial 41. To be on trial 42. To bring up smb for \ to trial 43. To put smb. on \ to trial 44. To hold trial 45. Case (civil, criminal- framed-up) 46. Case for 47. The case is on trial 48. The case came on\up for a trial 49. To handle cases 50. To hear \ to try a case 51. To take a case to court 52. To go before the court 53. Disposition of a case 54. Bar 55. To accuse of = to charge with accusation 56. To indict 57. To indict smb. for smth 58. Crime indictable 59. Prosecution 60. To prosecute 61. Caution 62. Gaol (Br.)= jail (Am.) 63. Penitentiary 64. Remand home 65. To arrest 66. To be under arrest 67. To ban 68. To break in 69. To break out 70. To break the law 71. To burgle 72. To charge 73. To commit a crime 74. To commit a suicide 75. To escape 76. To get away 77. To get away with 78. To hold up 79. To investigate 80. To rob 81. To steal 82. To be in custody 83. To traverse on indictment 84. Hearing 85. Preliminary (pre-trial) 86. Hearing of witnesses 87. Proceeding(s) 88. To suspend proceedings 89. Evidence: circumstantial, relevant,direct, irrelevant, material, corroborative, irrefutable, presumptive 90. To take the evidence of smth 91. To convict 92. Conviction 93. To acquit (of) 94. Acquittal 95. To pass \ to pronounce a sentence 96. To serve a sentence (consecutively, concurrently) 97. To do one's time 98. To suspend a sentence 99. Suspendedsentence 100. To impose a sentence on \ upon smb. 101. To give smb. life sentence 102. To sentence 103. 5 years' imprisonment 104. A long tern of imprisonment 105. Life imprisonment 106. A long record of convictions 107. Death penalty 108. Execution 109. Bail \ to bail 110. To release smb. on bail 111. To take action 112. To report a crime 113. To find missing people 114.To track down criminals 115. To deal with a case (crime) 116. To solve a crime 117. To take smb. in the act 118. To catch smb. red-handed 119. To be trapped 120. To obey the law 121. To abide the law 122. Abiding citizens 123. Unlawful detention 124. To be shot on the spot 125. To take smb. into custody 126. probation 127. To be on probation 128. Shock probation 129. To place an offender on probation 130. To grand probation \ parole 131. (Shock) parole 132. Parole Board 133. To release smb. on parole 134. To be eligible for parole 135. To throw a reasonable doubt on the case 136. To bring in \ to return \ to give a verdict of guilty \ not guilty 137. To answer \ challenge the complaint 138. To notify the defendant of the lawsuit 139. To issue smb a summons 140. To issue a warrant of arrest 141. To serve subpoena 142. To register \ to rule out \to sustain an objection 143. Circumstances: aggravating, circumstantial, extenuating Police 1. Policed 2. To do policing 3. Police station \ precinct 4. Police guard 5. To be on the beat 6. To set out on one's beat 7. Policeman on the beat 8. Mounted police 9. Patrol 10. Patrolman (Am.) 11.Day-to-day policing of a certain area 12. Fighting crime 13. Combating 14.Crime prevention 15.Preventive measures 16.Totake finger prints of smb. Other words 1.Cell 2. Gas chamber 3. Shoot-out 4. Remand prison 5. Baton 6. Club 7. Truncheon 8. Handcuffs 9. Alibi 10. Weapon 11. Detective 12. Round-up 13. Hold-up 14.Drying-out station 15.Composite sketch 16. Warrant 17.The judge's bench 18. The jury box 19. The dock 20. The witness's stand\box 21. The public gallery 22. Legal \ illegal 23.Community service 24. Legislation 25. Legislature 26. Jurisdiction 27. Judiciary 28. Suit
II. Organize the words into four groups. Murder, thief, prison, barrister, robbery, burglar, cell, criminal, court, rape, shoplifting, judge, manslaughter, prisoner, jury, police station, lawyer, theft, witness, probation, hi-jacking, flogging, fine, death penalty, bribery, community service, smuggling, detective, drunken driving, traffic warden.
III. Put each of the following words and phrases into its correct place in the passage. Bigamy, civil, classes, community, countries, crimes, criminal law, felony, fine, forgery, laws, life imprisonment, misdemeanour, offences, penalty, person, prison, state, term, treason. CRIME Crime violates the laws of a community,..... or nation. It is punishable in accordance with these...... The definition of crime varies according to time and place, but the laws of most..... consider as crimes such.... as arson,...... burglary, …., murder, and...... Not all offences against the law are...... The laws that set down the punishments for crimes form the...... This law defines as crimes those offences considered most harmful to the...... On the other hand, a..... may wrong someone else in some other way that offends the.... law. The common law recognizes three.... of crime: treason, ….., and misdemeanour. Death or.... is the usual.... for treason. Laws in the United States, for example, define a felony as a crime that is punishable by a.... of one year or more in a stale or federal...... A person who commits a..... may be punished by a..... or a jail term of less than one year.
IV. Give the name of the defined law breaker, who: a) steals; b) steals purses and wallets; c) gets money by threatening to disclose personal information; e) seizes aeroplanes; f) takes things from a shop without paying; g) kills people; h) steals from houses or offices; i) steals from banks or trains; j) takes people hostage for a ransom; k) steals government secrets; l) wilfully destroys property; m) marries illegally while being married already.
V. Choose the correct answer. 1. This was one of the few crimes lie did not...... a) achieve; b) commit; c) make; d) perform. 2. The..... are still holding twelve people hostage on the plane. a) bandits; b) guerrillas; c) hijackers; d) kidnappers. 3. He was charged with a(n)..... of currency regulations. a) break; b) breach; c) disrespect; d) observance. 4. Our insurance policy offers immediate..... against the risk of burglary, accident or damage by fire. a) care; b) cover; c) relief; d) security. 5. The man jumped out of the window and committed...... a) death; b) homicide; c) murder; d) suicide. 6. “ Thieves will be..... ” a) liable; b) lifted; c) persecuted; d) prosecuted. 7. Police blamed a small hooligan..... in the crowd for the violence which occurred. a) constituent; b) division; c) element; d) portion. 8. The police said there was no sign of a..... entry even though the house had been burgled. a) broken; b) burst; c) forced; d) smashed. 9. The police car raced down the street with the..... blaring. a) alarm; b) bell; c) gong; d) siren. 10. The tourist's camera was..... because he had brought it into the country illegally. a) bereaved; b) confiscated; c) deprived; d) extorted. 11. Look, Officer. I'm not drunk. I'm as.... as a judge. a) calm; b) clear; c) sober; d) steady. 12.He said he would sue us, but I don’t think he'll..... his threat. a) achieve; b) bring about; c) carry out; d) perform. 13. The conspirators were plotting the..... of the government. a) catastrophe; b) disaster; c) demolition; d) overthrow. 14. The thieves.... the papers all over the room while they were searching for the money. a) broadcast; b) scattered; c) sowed; d) strayed. 15. Ms Goodheart was completely..... by the thief’s disguise. a) taken away; b) taken down; c) taken in; d) taken up. 16. The police caught the thief …... a) in black and white; b) in the red; c) red-handed; d) true blue. 17. He was arrested for trying to pass..... notes at the bank. a) camouflaged; b) counterfeit; c) fake; d) fraudulent. 18. He offered me $500 to break my contract. That's...... a) blackmail; b) bribery; c) compensation; d) reward. 19. The child was kidnapped by a notorious..... of robbers. a) crew; b) gang; c) staff; d) team. 20. The burglar.... silently into the room. a) crept; b) stood; c) strode; d) wandered. VI. Match the criminal with the definition.
VII. Choose the right answer. 1. The spy..... the desk in an attempt to find the secret documents. a) invaded; b) kidnapped; c) looted; d) ransacked. 2. The sate deposit box..... a high-pitched sound when it was moved. a) ejected; b) emitted; c) expelled; d) excluded. 3. He..... his list and threatened to lilt me. a) clenched; b) clutched; c) grabbed; d) gripped. 4. Thieves got away with a.... of jewellery worth thousands of pounds. a) catch; b) haul; c) loot; d) snatch. 5. The burglar's presence was betrayed by a..... floorboard. a) cracking; b) creaking; c) crunching; d) groaning. 6. Smugglers consistently..... import regulations. a) break; b) flaunt; c) float; d) flout. 7. Luckily my wallet was handed in to the police with us contents...... a) contained; b) intact; c) missing; d) preserved. 8. The intruder was badly..... by the guard dog in the palace garden. a) damaged; b) eaten; c) mauled; d) violated. 9. When the police examined the house they found that the luck had been..... with. a) broken; b) hindered; c) tampered; d) touched. 10. The hooligan..... the money out of my hand and ran away. a) clutched; b) gripped; c) snatched; d) withdrew.
VIII. Match the words and their definitions.
IX. Fill the blanks with suitable words. 1. I have never ____ the law and ____ a crime. 2. In Britain it is ____the law to drive a car without insurance. 3. If you park illegally you will have to pay a ____. 4. The police were fairly sure the man committed the crime but they knew it would be difficult to ____ it in court. 5. The jury must decide if the accused is innocent or ____. 6. In order to reach their decision, the jury must listen carefully to the ____. 7. If the accused is ____ of murder, the ____ may be at least ten years in prison. 8. He has been in trouble with the police once before, but it was only a minor ____. 9. Do you agree with capital ____ for certain crimes such as murder? 10. Do you think tougher punishments will help to ____ crime?
X. Put this story in the correct order. 1. They found both men guilty. 2. and charge them with the robbery. 3. 10,000 pounds was stolen from a bank in the High Street. 4. After the jury had listened to all the evidence. 5. They were sent to prison for seven years. 6. The trial took place two months later. 7. and they finally arrested two men. 8. They questioned them at the police station. 9. The police questioned a number of people about the crime. XI. Choose the right answer. 1. The policeman asked the suspect to make a(n)...... a) account; b) declaration; c) deposition; d) statement. 2. The unruly..... was broken up by the police. a) collection; b) congregation; c) group; d ) mob. 3. Prince Andrew was found dead in his palace this morning. The police have..... any suggestion of foul play. a) discounted; b) neglected; c) omitted; d) overlooked. 4. The chief of police said he saw no ….. between the four murders. a) communication; b) connection; c) join; d) joint. 5. The detective stood..... behind the door waiting for the assailant. a) immovable; b) lifeless; c) motionless; d) static. 6. The police arrested the wrong man mainly because they..... the names they had been given by the witness. a) bewildered; b) confused; c) merged; d) puzzled. 7. The police ….. off the street where the bomb had gone off. a) battened; b) cordoned; c) fastened; d) shuttered. 8. The police set a..... to catch the thieves. a) device; b) plan; c) snare; d) trap. 9. The police asked if I thought I could..... the man who stole my car if I looked at some photos. a) certify; b) identify; c) justify; d) verify. 10. The policeman was..... when he saw a light in the office. a) deductive; b) disturbing; c) suggestive; d) suspicious. 11. The inspector was a very ……. man and he rechecked the evidence several times. a) attentive; b) complete; c) thorough; d) thoughtful. 12. The police who were..... the crime could find no clues at all. a) enquiring; b) investigating; c) researching; d) seeking. 13. We promise not to reveal your..... if you tell us who the murderer is. a) anonymity; b) identification; c) identity; d) personality. 14. The police are..... the town for the stolen car. a) combing; b) investigating; c) looking; d) seeking. 15. The police have not yet found a possible..... for the murder. a) example; b) motive; c) principle; d) understanding. 16. The police..... their attention to the events that led up to the accident. a) completed; b) confined; c) confirmed; d) contained. 17. As he was caught in..... of a gun, he was immediately a suspect. a) control; b) handling; c) ownership; d) possession. 18. As the result of the police..... on the disco, ten people were arrested. a) entry; b) invasion; c) raid; d) storm. 19. I was informed by the police constable that he would be forced to take me into..... a) confinement; b) custody; c) detection; d) guardianship. 20. It is the responsibility of the police to..... the law, not to take it into their own hands. a) compel; b) enforce; c) force; d) press.
21. After the accident the policeman asked if there had been any...... a) observers; b) onlookers; c) spectators; d) witnesses. 22. The police were..... in their examination of the murder site. a) concentrated; b) exhausting; c) intense; d) thorough. 23. The police made sure everyone stood well..... of the fire. a) away; b) clear; c) free; d) out. 24. Why don't the police take.... measures against crime? a) affective; b) effective; c) efficient; d) ineffective.
XII. Reading comprehension. A criminal case begins when a person goes to court and files a complaint that another person has committed an offence. This is followed by issuing either an arrest warrant or a summons. A criminal case is started when an indictment is returned by a grand jury before anything else happens in the case. Indictments most often are felony accusations against persons who have been arrested and referred to the grand jury. After an accused is indicted, he is brought into court and is told about the nature of the charge against him and asked to plead. He can plead guilty, which is the admission that he committed the crime and can be sentenced without a trial. He can plead not guilty and be tried. As a general rule the parties to civil suits and defendants in criminal cases are entitled to trial by jury of 12 jurors. But a jury is not provided unless it is demanded in writing in advance of the trial; in this case a civil or a criminal case is trial to the judge alone, greater criminal cases are tried to a three-judge panel. In trial by the jury the attorneys for each party make their opening statements. The prosecution presents its evidence based on the criminal investigation of the case. The attorney for the defence pleads the case of the accused examines his witnesses and cross-examines the witnesses for the prosecution. Both, the prosecution and the defence, try to convince the Jury. When all the evidence is in, the attorneys make their closing arguments to the jury with the prosecutor going first. Both attorneys try to show the evidence in the most favourable light for their sides. But if one of them uses improper material in his final argument the opponent may object, the objection may be ruled out by the.judge who will instruct the jury to disregard what was said or may be sustained. After this the judge proceeds to instruct the jury on its duty and the jury retires to the jury room to consider the verdict.In civil cases at least three fourths of the jurors must agree on the verdict. In a criminal case there must not be any reasonable doubt as to the guilt of the accused, the verdict must be unanimous. The next stage is for the judge to decide, in case of a verdict of guilty, what sentence to impose on the convict. A. Answer the questions. 1. Who are the participants in the legal procedure? 2. In what way does a legal procedure start? a) in civil cases b) in criminal cases 3. Describe the procedure of the trial in the American court of common pleas. 4. Specify the felony and misdemeanor. 5. What penalties and sentences are imposed in the US courts?
XIII. Put the actions in the correct order. If you commit a crime you may be: accused, arrested, charged, convicted, interrogated, paroled, sent to prison, suspected, tried.
XIV. Choose the right answer. 1. The ….. sentenced the accused to 15 years in prison. a) barrister; b) counsel; c) judge; d) solicitor. 2. If you can't resolve the dispute, it will have to be settled by...... a) arbitration; b) court; c) election; d) referee. 3. His comments..... little or no relation to the facts of the ease. a) bear; b) give; c) possess; d) reflect. 4. They all thought he was guilty, but no one could..... anything against him. a) accuse; b) ensure; c) point; d) prove. 5. It has been decided to hold a Public..... into the cause of the accident. a) Autopsy; b) Examination; c) Inquiry; d) Interrogation. 6. To protect victims of blackmail their names are often..... in court. a) covered; b) erased; c) hidden; d) not given. 7. The youth involved in the disturbance at the demonstration made a(n)..... to the police. a) account; b) notice; c) statement; d) summary. 8. I..... to say anything unless I am allowed to speak to my solicitor. a) deny; b) neglect; c) refuse; d) resist. 9. I should like to call two..... who can testify on my client's behalf. a) witnesses; b) onlookers; c) passers-by; d) spectators. 10. You are surely not suggesting that these..... young children could have planned such an evil deed. a) innocent; b) lovely; c) natural; d) pure. 11. The case against Mary Wrongdoer was..... for lack of evidence. a) discarded; b) dismissed; c) refused; d) resigned. 12. The new law comes into..... on May 15. a) condition; b) date; c) force; d) power. 13. The..... question in this case is whether the accused had a motive for this crime or not. a) crucial; b) forcible; c) supreme; d) valuable. 14. The driver admitted that the accident was partly his own...... a) blame; b) cause; c) evil; d) fault. 15. In fact, the murderer was.... from the country before extradition proceedings could he started. a) barred; b) deported; c) exported; d) interned. 16. The suspect man has a..... on his right cheek. a) point; b) scar; c) sign; d) trace. 17. It is a criminal offence to..... the facts. a) express; b) oppress; c) repress; d) suppress. 18. After a close cross-examination, the barrister was..... his client was telling the truth. a) content; b) glad; c) happy; d) satisfied. 19. At the end of the trial he was..... of murder. a) condemned; b) convicted; c) convinced; d) penalized. 20. In the legal profession, men..... women by five to one. a) outclass; b) outnumber; c) overcome; d) supersede. 21. All..... barristers are expected to study at the Inns of Court. a) hopeful; b) prospective; c) willing; d) wishful. 22. The judge will hear the next..... after lunch. a) case; b) charge; c) lawsuit; d) trial. 23. The suspect..... that he had assaulted a policeman. a) contradicted; b) declined; c) denied; d) refused. 24. I wish you'd let me speak for myself and not..... the words out of my mouth. a) grab; b) pull; c) snatch; d) take. 25. The suspect is..... to have been in the neigbourhood at the time of the crime. a) accused; b) affirmed; c) alleged; d) announced.
XV. Read the text and do the exercises. EYE WITNESS He had seen a murder, and the sight had sunken into the brown pits that were his eyes. It had tightened the thin line of his mouth and given him a tic over his left cheekbone. He sat now with his hat in his hands, his fingers nervously exploring the narrow brim. He was a thin man with a moustache that completely dominated the confined planes of his face. He was dressed neatly, his trousers carefully raised in a crease-protecting lift that revealed taut socks and the brass clasp of one garter. “That him?” I asked. “That's him,” Magruder said. “And he saw the mugging?” “He says he saw it. He won’t talk to anyone but the lieutenant.” “None of us underlings will do, huh?” Magruder shrugged. He’d been on the force for a long time now, and he was used to just about every type of taxpayer. I looked over to where the thin man sat on the bench against the wall. “Well,” I said, “let me see what I can get out of him.” Magruder cocked an eyebrow and asked. “You think maybe the Old Man would like to see him personally?” “Maybe. If he’s got something. If not, we’d be wasting his time. And especially on this case, I don’t think...” “Yeah,” Magruder agreed. I left Magruder and walked over to the little man. He looked up when I approached him, and then blinked. “Mr Struthers?” “Yes,” he said warily. “I’m Detective Cappeli. My partner tells me you have some information about the...” “You’re not the lieutenant, are you?” “No,” I said, “but I'm working very closely with him on this case.” “I won’t talk to anyone but the lieutenant, he said. His eyes met mine for an instant and then turned away. He was not being stubborn, I decided. I hadn’t seen stubbornness in his eyes. I’d seen fear.” “Why, Mr Struthers?” “Why? Why what? Why won’t I tell my story to anyone else? Because I won’t, that’s why.” “Mr Struthers, withholding evidence is a serious crime. It makes you an accessory after the fact. We’d hate to have to…” “I’m not withholding anything. Get the lieutenant, and I’ll tell you everything I saw. That’s all, get the lieutenant.” I waited for a moment before trying again. “Are you familiar with the case at all sir?” Struthers considered his answer. “Just what I read in the papers. And what I saw.” “You know that it was Lieutenant Anderson’s wife who was mugged? That the mugger was after her purse and killed her without getting it?” ”Yes, I know that.” “Can you see then why we don’t we don’t want to bring the lieutenant into this until it’s absolutely necessary? So far we’ve had ten people confessing to the crime, and eight people who claim to have seen the mugging and murder.” “I didn’t see it,” Struthers protested. “I’m not saying you didn’t, sir. But I’d like to be sure before I bring the lieutenant in on it.” “I just don’t want any ship-ups.” Struthers said. “ I... don’t want him coming after me next.” “We’ll offer you every possible protection, sir. The lieutenant, as you can well imagine, has a strong personal interest in this case. He’ll certainly see that no harm comes to you." Struthers looked around him suspiciously. “Well, do we have to talk here?” “No, sir, you can come into my office.” He deliberated for another moment, and then said. “All right.” He stood up abruptly, his fingers still roaming the hat brim. When we got to my office, I offered him a chair and a cigarette. He took the seat, but declined the smoke. “Now then, what did you see?” “I saw the mugger, the man who killed her.” Struthers lowered his voice. “But he saw me too. That’s why I want to make absolutely certain that... that I won’t get into any trouble over this.” “You won’t, sir. I can assure you. Where did you see the killing?” “On Third and Elm. Right near the old paint factory, I was on my way home from the movies.” “What did you see?” “Well, the woman, Mrs Anderson – I didn’t know it was her at the time, of course – was standing on a corner waiting for the bus. I was walking down toward her. I walk that way often, especially coming home from the show. It was a nice night and...” “What happened?” “Well, it was dark, and I was walking pretty quiet, I guess. I wear gummies – gum sole shoes.” “Go on.” “The mugger came out of the shadows and grabbed Mrs Anderson around the throat, from behind her. She threw up her arm, and her purse opened and everything inside fell on the sidewalk. Then he lifted his hand, brought it down, and she screamed, and he yelled, “Quiet, you bitch!” He lifted his hand again and brought it down again, all the time yelling, “Here, you bitch, here, here,” while he was stabbing her. He must have lifted the knife at least a dozen times.” “And you saw him? You saw his face?” “Yes. She dropped to the ground, and he came running up the street toward me. I tried to get against the building, but I was too late. We stood face to face, and for a minute I thought he was going to kill me, too. But he gave a kind of a moan and ran up the street.” “Why didn’t you come to the police at once?” “I... I guess I was scared. Mister, I still am. You’ve got to promise me I won’t get into any trouble. I’m a married man, and I got two kids. I can’t afford to…” “Could you pick him out of a line-up? We’ve already rounded up a lot of men, some with records as muggers. Could you pick the killer?” “Yes. But not if he can see me. If he sees me, it’s all off. I won’t go through with it if he sees me.” “He won’t see you, sir. We’ll put you behind a screen.” “So long as he doesn’t see me. He knows what I look like, too, and I got a family. I won’t identify him if he knows I’m the one doing it.” “You’ve got nothing to worry about.” I clicked down Magruder’s toggle on the intercom, and when he answered, I said, “Looks like we’ve got something here, Mac. Get the boys ready for run-through, will you?” “Right. I’ll buzz you.” We sat around and waited for Magruder to buzz. “I won’t do it unless I’m behind a screen,” Struthers said. “You’ll have a one-way mirror, sir.” We’d waited for about five minutes when the door opened. A voice lined with anguish and fatigue said, “Mac tells me you’ve got a witness.” I turned from the window, ready to say, “Yes, sir,” and Struthers turned to face the door at the same time. His eyebrows lifted, and his eyes grew wide. He stared at the figure in the doorway, and I watched both men as their eyes met and locked for an instant. “No!” Struthers said suddenly. “I... I’ve changed my mind. I... I can’t do it. I have to go. I have to go.” He slammed his hat on his head and ran out quickly, almost before I’d gotten to my feet. “Now what the hell got into him all of a sudden?” I asked. Lieutenant Anderson shrugged wearily. “I don’t know,” he said. “I don't know.” (By Ed McBain, British Press) A. Give one word for the following definitions using the text. 1) nervous movement of face muscles; 2) the edge of a hat; 3) was the most obvious feature; 4) the man had pulled up his trousers so that his knees would not smooth out the creases; 5) elastic to hold up socks or stockings; 6) lifted his shoulders as if to say “I don’t know why.”; 7) in the police; 8) the boss; 9) if he really knows who did it; 10) closed his eyes and opened them quickly; 11) carefully; 12) guilty of helping the criminal after the crime has been committed; 13) handbag (American English); 14) thought carefully; 15) shoes with soft bottoms; 16) sound of pain or unhappiness; 17) a line of people including those suspected of a crime (witnesses have to recognise the person they saw); 18) button, knob; 19) internal phone; 20) call (on the phone). B. Translate into Ukrainian. To tighten the line of his to withhold evidence; mouth; the brim of the hat; to crease; mugging; to shrug; taxpayer; cocked an eyebrow; to blink; warily; sidewalk; to yell; to stab; accessory after the fact; to confess; to bring smb in on it; I don’t want any slip-ups; he’ll see that no harm comes to you; to deliberate; he declined the smoke; with records as murders; I won’t go through it; to click down.
XVI. Put each of the following words and phrases into its correct place: accused, acquit, civil suits, counsel, court, cross-examinations, fault, guilty, judge, jurors, jury, legal disputes, legislature, list, money, officer, panel, sentence, swear, testimony, trial, witnesses. TRIAL BY JURY A Jury is a selected group of laymen that hears the..... in..... and decides the facts. A courtroom trial in which a..... decides the facts is called a..... by jury. Before each..... term, a jury commissioner or another public …… prepares a panel, or large initial …… of qualified jurors. For each trial, ….. are selected by lot from this...... Before the trial begins, the jurors ….. to decide the facts fairly. They hear the..... given by witnesses for both sides, including …... Then..... for each side sum up, or summarize the case, and the..... explains the applicable law in his instructions to the jury. In..... for financial damages, the jury must decide who is at..... and must determine the amount of..... to be paid. In criminal cases, the jury must decide whether or not the..... is guilty ”beyond a reasonable doubt”, and then either return a verdict of guilty, or..... the defendant by a verdict of not guilty. If the verdict is..... the judge imposes the....., or punishment, within limits that have been fixed by the......
XVII. Choose the right answer. 1. The high court judge will pass..... next week. a) justice; b) punishment; c) sentence; d) verdict. 2. If you break the law, you will be..... trouble. a) for; b) in; c) out; d) out of. 3. The judge was very..... on pickpockets. a) bad; b) hard; c) strict; d) strong. 4. It was impossible for her to tell the truth so she had to..... a story. a) combine; b) invent; c) lie; d) manage. 5. Peter gives one account of the accident, and John another; it is difficult to.... the two versions. a) adjust; b) coincide; c) identify; d) reconcile. 6. The witness testified that lie could bear..... what the defendant had claimed. a) on; b) out; c) up; d) with. 7. The suspect is not under arrest, nor have the police placed any..... on his movements. a) obstacle; b) regulation; c) restriction; d) veto. 8. You should only make serious accusations like that if they have a sound..... in fact. a) basis; b) foothold; c) framework; d) principle. 9. The judge..... the pedestrian for the accident. a) accused; b) blamed; c) charged; d) sued. 10. His legal training enables him to put his case..... very convincingly. a) down; b) out; c) over; d) up.
XVIII. Read the text, do its back-translation. THE USA COURT SYSTEM The courts are the overseers of the law. They administer it, they resolve disputes under it, and they ensure that it is and remains equal and impartial for everyone. In the United Stales each state is served by the separate court systems, state and federal. Both systems are organized info three basic levels of courts – trial courts, intermediate courts of appeal and a high court, or Supreme Court. The state courts are concerned essentially with cases arising under state law, and the federal courts with cases arising under federal law. Trial courts bear the main burden in the administration of justice. Cases begin there and in most instances are finally resolved there. The trial courts in each state include: common pleas courts, which have general civil and criminal jurisdiction and smaller in importance municipal courts, county courts and mayors' courts. The common pleas court is the most important of the trial courts. It is the court of general jurisdiction – almost any civil or criminal case, serious or minor, may first be brought there. In criminal matters, the common pleas courts have exclusive jurisdiction over felonies (a felony is a serious crime for which the penalty is a penitentiary term or death). In civil matters it has exclusive jurisdiction in probate, domestic relations and juvenile matters. The probate division deals with wills and the administration of estates, adoptions, guardianships. It grants marriage licenses to perform marriages. The domestic division deals with divorce, alimony, child custody. The juvenile division has jurisdiction over delinquent, unruly or neglected children and over adults, who neglect, abuse or contribute to the delinquency of children. When a juvenile (any person under 18) is accused of an offence, whether serious or minor, the juvenile division has exclusive jurisdiction over the case. The main job of courts of appeal is to review cases appealed from trial courts to determine if the law was correctly interpreted and applied. The supreme court of each state is primarily a court of appeal and the court of last resort. The federal court structure is similar to the structure of the state court system. The trial courts in the federal system are the United Stales district courts. The United States courts of appeal are intermediate courts of appeal between, the district courts and the United States Supreme Court. The US Supreme Court is the highest court in the nation and the court of last resort. It consists of a chief justice and eight associate justices, all of whom are appointed for life by the President with the Advice and Consent of the Senate. The duty of the Supreme Court is to decide whether laws passed by Congress agree with the Constitution. The great legal issues facing the Supreme Court at present are Government involvement with religion, abortion and privacy rights, race and sex discrimination.
A. Answer the questions. 1. What is the dual court system existing in the USA? What three levels of courts does it consist of? 2. What is the jurisdiction of the trial court? Define the jurisdiction of the common pleas court. 3. What kind of civil matters are brought to common pleas courts? Elaborate on probate, domestic relation and juvenile matters. 4. Speak about the jurisdiction of state and federal courts of appeals and state supreme courts. 5. What is the duty of the US Supreme Court? B. Summarize the text, specifying the following: 1) the dual system of US courts; 2) trial courts – courts of general jurisdiction; 3) the US Supreme Court.
XIX. Match each punishment with its description.
XX. Render the article and do the exercises. WIFE WHO KILLED HER HUSBAND IS CLEARED A woman who stabbed her husband to death on the night before they were due to go on holiday in the Maldive islands was cleared of murder and manslaughter yesterday after telling a court that she acted in self defence. Wendy Hopcraft had hidden a knife under her pillow after the couple had been drinking at a barbecue party and she stabbed her husband, Andrew, when he made a drunken lunge at her. Members of her family cheered loudly as she was found not guilty at Reading Crown Court. Her husband’s father had to be carried out of the court. The jury heard that the couple, who had been married for 18 months, had moved into a new home a few days before the stabbing and had talked of starting a family. On the night Mr Hopcraft died he had been with friends at a barbecue and both he and his wife were drunk when they returned to their home in Lower Early, Reading, Berks. Mr Hopcraft, who had attacked his wife on previous occasions, tried to strangle her and she stabbed him. One of the wounds penetrated his heart. She then called an ambulance and told the controller: ” I think I’ve killed my husband. I have stabbed him really, really badly. We have had a terrible, terrible fight.” When police arrived Hopcraft was embracing her husband as he lay in a pool of blood in the bathroom. Nigel Mylne, QC, defending, told the jury that Hopcraft had been a ”battered wife, but was also a loving wife” and that the couple had everything to live for. ” Something horrific, unique and terrible happened in those 20 minutes,” he said. ” There are inconsistencies; she has got lots of things wrong. But she believed that she was fighting for her very life blood.” When the couple married in the Dominican Republic in 1993 Hopcraft appeared in wedding photographs with bruises which she said her husband had caused. She told the court that she had been beaten seven or eight times during their marriage. She left court without commenting. A. Answer the questions. 1. When was the married couple planning to go on holiday? 2. Where did Wendy hide the knife? 3. Did it mean that she was planning the murder? 4. Why did her husband’s father have to be carried out of the court when Wendy was found non guilty? 5. When did the couple get married? 6. What had happened before the murder? 7. Where did the police find them when they arrived? B. True or false? 1. Wendy’s father cheered loudly as she was found non guilty. 2. The couple got married two years ago. 3. Mr Hopcraft wanted to kill his wife. 4. When the police arrived they found the couple fighting. 5. Wendy had bruises on wedding photographs caused by her husband. C.Explain in English. To stab to death; to be cleared of a crime; manslaughter; to make a lunge on; to strangle; to be found non guilty; a battered wife; to fight for one’s very life blood; bruises. D.Complete the sentences. 1. Wendy was cleared of …… yesterday. 2. She stabbed her husband when he……. 3. Her husband’s father had to……. 4. Mr Hopcraft tried to …… her and she …… him. 5. She believed that she was fighting …… 6. Wendy appeared in the wedding photographs with …. when she said …
XXI. Choose the right answer. 1. The community was angered by the..... punishment given their friend. a) august; b) austere; c) severe; d) vigorous. 2. Those acting for the defendant propose to appeal..... the sentence. a) against; b) for; c) out; d) to. 3. Mr Tipsy was..... twenty pounds for drinking and driving. a) charged; b) fined; c) ordered; d) penalized. 4. The ringleader was lucky to get..... a suspended sentence. a) away; b) off with; c) through; d) through to. 5. After considering the case, the judge put the young offender..... for two years. a) in charge; b) in control; c) on probation; d) on trial. 6. Despite the seriousness of his crime he only received a..... sentence. a) light; b) little; c) small; d) soft. 7. The young offenders were warned never..... with the members of any gang. a) to assign; b) to assimilate; c) to associate; d) to assume.
8. As it was her first offence, the judge gave her a..... sentence. a) kind; b) lenient; c) severe; d) tolerant. 9. The woman..... for her husband’s life when he was found guilty of murder. a) bid; b) debated; c) disputed; d) pleaded. 10. The accused man was able to prove his innocence at the trial and was...... a) absolved; b) acquitted; c) forgiven; d) pardoned. 11. Jack the Ripper was a hardened criminal without a scrap of..... for his crimes. a) penance; b) pity; c) remorse; d) reproach. 12. His sentence has been commuted to five months on the ….. of failing health. a) bases; b) causes; c) grounds; d) reasons. 13. The prisoners had spent almost a month digging a..... before the guards discovered it. a) pipe; b) pass; c) subway; d) tunnel. 14. He was thrown into prison and..... of his property. a) confiscated; b) denied; c) deprived; d) removed.
XXII. Put the verbs in the correct form and this detective puzzle. Trevor Stern was not a popular man, in spite of his wealth. He (1) lived (live) in a large house about a mile outside the village of Printon. When he (2) was found (find) dead in his study, no one (3) cried (cry), not even his only daughter. It was soon clear that he (4)….. (murder). Detective Inspector Blackledge took statements from his widow, Dorothy, his seventeen-year-old daughter, Lucy, his business partner, Gerald Brook, and his doctor. – I (5)….. (not/ love) my husband, he was a cold and selfish man. But I (6)….. (not/ murder) him either. After dinner last night he said he (7)….. (want) to check some business papers in his study. He (8)….. (have) a meeting with Gerald, his business partner, the next morning. He (9) ….. (ask) for some tea. That was about 9 o’clock. I (10) ….. (watch) a rather exciting film on television, so I (11) …..(tell) Lucy to take it to him. At quarter past nine Doctor Emerson (12) ….. (call). I (13) ….. (notice) the time because we (14) ….. (expect) him to come earlier. I (15) ….. (answer) the front bell. Trevor (16) ….. (still / shout) in his study. He and Lucy (17) ….. (obviously / have) a serious row. So I (18) ….. (take) the doctor into the sitting-room for a moment. Then Trevor stopped (19) ….. (shout). I guessed Lucy (20) ….. (go) out by the back door. Doctor Emerson went to the study. I think he wanted to persuade Trevor (21) ….. (go) to the hospital for some tests, but Trevor (22) ….. (not / want) to go. I (23) ….. (hear) him shouting again several times over the next twenty minutes. He called him an ignorant country doctor, and later he said something like ”There nothing you can do!” I think Lucy (24) ….. (come) into the house while the doctor (25) ….. (still / talk) to Trevor. I (26) ….. (hear) the front door bang during a quiet few seconds when Trevor (27) ….. (not / shout). I was tired and fed up and went to my bedroom soon after that. My sister (28) ….. (phone) and we (29) ….. (talk) for ages I (30) ….. (tell) her I (31) ….. (decide) to leave Trevor. – Mum (32) ….. (watch) some stupid film after dinner, so she made me (33) ….. (take) Dad’s tea into his study. It was about nine o’clock. He was in a really mean mood. He shouted at me because I (34) ….. (spill) a few drops of tea on his desk while I (35) ….. (pour) it. I (36) ….. (not / want) to watch the film so I (37) ….. (creep) out by the black door. I (38) ….. (decide) to go down to the village and use the public phone to call Alan. He’s my boyfriend. I (39) ….. (never / like) Mum or Dad to be around when I (40) ….. (talk) to him. Especially yesterday, because Dad and I (41) ….. (have) a stupid argument about Alan the day before. It (42) ….. (normally / take) quarter of an hour to walk to the village. Perhaps it (43) ….. (take) less time last night. I can’t prove I (44) ….. (go) to the village. No one (45) ….. (see) me when I (46) ….. (walk) into the village. I (47) ….. (see) Gerald, that’s Dad’s business partner. He (48) ….. (stand) near the window in his sitting room. He (49) ….. (not / see) me, though, because it was dark outside. He (50) ….. (talk) on the phone, I think. Alan (51) ….. (not / answer) the phone. Then I (52) ….. (remember) he (53) ….. (tell) me he (54) ….. (play) in a concert that evening. So I (55) ….. (walk) home again. I (56) ….. (meet) Gerald just before I (57) ….. (reach) our house. He (58) ….. (look) for his dog. That was about twenty to ten. I came inby the back door as quietly as possible and went to bed. I didn’t want to see my parents again that evening. – I (59) ….. (call) at the Sterns’ house at nine-fifteen. I (60) ….. (be) rather later than I (61) ….. (plan) to be because I (62) ….. (visit) another patient. When Mrs Stern (63) ….. (let) me into the house she (64) ….. (seem) rather embarrassed and (65) ….. (show) into the sitting-room. I could hear Trevor Stern (66) ….. (shout) at someone about teenage girls and that they (67) ….. (have) problems with Lucy. Well, the shouting (68) ….. (stop) almost immediately, so I (69) ….. (go) to his study. Lucy (70) ….. (already / leave) the room before I (71) ….. (get) there. I tried (72) ….. (explain) to Trevor why he needed (73) ….. (have) these hospital tests, but he (74) ….. (not / let) me. He said I (75) ….. (be) an ignorant country doctor who (76) ….. (not / know) what he (77) ….. (talk) about. I (78) ….. (realize) it was no use (79) ….. (argue) with him so I (80) ….. (leave) after only a few minutes. I was quite angry actually. I let myself out of the house without (81) ….. (see) Lucy or Mrs Stern. – Yes, Trevor was my business partner. We (82) ….. (not / be) really friends. Yes, my house (83) ….. (be) just round the corner from the Sterns’. I (84) ….. (live) here for two years now. I (85) ….. (have) a little cottage in the village. But I (86) ….. (buy) this house when I started (87) ….. (earn) a lot of money. I can’t really tell you very much about the night Trevor died. I took my dog for a long walk that evening. I (88) ….. (go) up on the hills, away from the village. Then the stupid dog (89) ….. (go) after a rabbit or something and I (90) ….. (lose) him in the dark. I (91) ….. (look) for him when I (92) ….. (meet) Lucy, as a matter of fact. She (93) ….. (walk) up the road towards their house. She (94) ….. (seem) rather upset. I asked her if she (95) ….. (see) the dog, but she said she (96) ….. (not / have). She (97) ….. (go) into her house and I (98) ….. (find) him a few minutes afterwards. I was back home by just after to ten. Detective Inspector Blackledge showed the statements to her colleague, Sergeant Ross. Blackledge: Well, Ross. What do you think? Who killed Stern? Ross: I don’t know. It (99) ….. (not/ be) his wife. She (100) ….. (not / even / go) into the study. Blackledge: But she admits she didn’t love him. Do you think she’s in love with the doctor? Ross: It’s possible. And perhaps Trevor Stern (101) ….. (find out). But we know the doctor was at the hospital by ten o’clock that night. And that’s at least half an hour from the Sterns’ house. Blackledge: But that (102) ….. (mean) he (103) ….. (leave) the Sterns’ house before half past nine. Ross: Exactly. Blackledge: Anyway, Dorothy Stern told her sister she (104) ….. (leave) her husband. She didn’t need (105) …. (murder) him. Ross: But what about Lucy? Blackledge: Yes, there’s something about Lucy’s story which doesn’t quite fit. Let’ see, what did Gerald Brook say? Ross: That’s it! Lucy (106) ….. (not / walk) to the village and back, if he (107) ….. (meet) her at twenty to ten. She (108) ….. (still / shout at) by her father at nine-fifteen. Blackledge: But look at all the statements. The times don’t fit. Ross: Neither do the facts. Someone (109) ….. (tell) lies. Blackledge: I think it’s time we (110) ….. (make) an arrest.
Who did they arrest?
XXIII. Summarize and discuss the text. There is nothing that man fears more man the touch of the unknown. He wanes to see what is reaching towards him, and to be able to recognize or at least classify it. Man always tends to avoid physical contact with anything strange. In the dark, the fear of an unexpected touch can mount to panic. Even clothes give insufficient security: it is easy to tear them and pierce through to the naked, smooth, defenceless flesh of the victim. All the distances which men create round themselves are dictated by this fear. They shut themselves in houses which no one may enter, and only there feel some measure of security. The fear of burglars is not only the fear of being robbed, but also the fear of a sudden and unexpected clutch out of the darkness. The repugnance to being touched remains with us when we go about among people; the way we move in a busy street, in restaurants, trains or buses, is governed by it. Even when we are standing next to them and are able to watch and examine them closely, we avoid actual contact if we can. If we do not avoid it, it is because we feel attracted to someone; and then it is we who make the approach. The promptness with which apology is offered for an unintentional contact, the tension with which it is awaited, our violent and sometimes even physical reaction when it is nor forthcoming, the antipathy and hatred we feel for the offender, even when we cannot be certain who it is — the whole knot of shifting and intensely sensitive reactions to an alien touch — proves that we are dealing here with a human propensity as deep-seated as it is alert and insidious; something which never leaves a man when he has once established the boundaries of his personality. Even in sleep, when he is far more unguarded, he can all too easily be disturbed by a touch. It is only in a crowd that man can become free of this fear of being touched. That is the only situation in which the fear changes into its opposite. The crowd he needs is the dense crowd, in which body is pressed to body: a crowd, too, whose physical constitution is also dense, or compact, so that he no longer notices who it is that presses against him. As soon as a man has surrendered himself to the crowd, he ceases to fear its touch. Ideally, all are equal there; no distinctions count, not even that of sex. The man pressed against him is the same as himself. He feels him as he feels himself. Suddenly it is as though everything were happening in one and the same body. This is perhaps one of the reasons why a crowd seeks to close in on itself: it want to rid each individual as completely as possible of the fear of being touched. The more fiercely people press together, the more certain they feel that they do not fear each other. This reversal of the fear of being touched belongs to the nature of crowds. The feeling of relief is most striking where the density of the crowd is greatest. (from Crowds and Power by Elias Canetti) A. Complete the sentences. 1. People fear burglars because they…. a) arrive suddenly and unexpectedly; b) attack people in the assumed safety of their homes; c) grab you in the dark; d) steal your most treasured personal possessions. 2. In public, according to the writer, we…. a) always avoid contact with people; b) do not object to someone attractive touching us; c) feel most vulnerable; d) try not to be touched. 3. If, by chance, someone does touch us we feel…. a) disgusted by this; b) hostile to them; c) shocked by this; d) surprised by this. 4. The way we feel when in a crowd is presented as a(n)…. a) absurdity; b) logical conclusion; c) opposite; d) paradox. 5. Once formed, crowds always tend to…. a) become uncomfortable; b) contact; c) expand; d) split up. XXIV. Choose the right answer. 1. There is no doubt about the outcome of the trial. The man is a..... criminal. a) self-centered; b) self-confessed; c) self-conscious; d) self-contained. 2. If the terrorists are not sent to prison, there will be a public...... a) attack; b) onslaught; e) outcry; d) recrimination. 3. It is often difficult for ex-convicts to keep to the..... and narrow. a) deep; b)long; c) straight; d) wide. 4. When the detectives finally trapped him, he had to..... to lying. a) recourse; b) resort; c) resource; d) retort. 5. The judge recommended more humane forms of punishment for juvenile..... a) convicts; b) delinquents; c) sinners; d) villains. 6. The murderer proved to be an apparently well-behaved..... middle-aged woman. a) inoffensive; b) offensive; c) unoffending; d) unsuspicious. 7. He found some squatters living in his house so he asked the court for a speedy..... order. a) discharge; b) ejection; c) eviction; d) expulsion. 8. The witness..... the statements made by the accused man. a) agreed; b) confessed; c) corroborated; d) testified. 9. A prominent local figure was..... as co-respondent in a divorce case. a) accused; b) cited; c) nominated; d) quoted. 10. The whole story was a …. of her imagination. a) fabrication; b) fantasy; c) figment; d) figure. 11. As she was the murderer’s mother, the judge..... the normal restrictions on visits and let her see him. a) abandoned; b) lifted; c) relinquished; d) surrendered. 12. The baby at the centre of the controversy has been made a..... of court. a) child; b) progeny; c) protégé; d) ward. 13. After considering the evidence for a few hours, the jury came to a(n)..... verdict. a) unambiguous; b) unanimous; c) undivided; d) united. 14. It was a reasonable..... to draw in the light of the evidence. a) assessment; b) conclusion; c) interpretation; d) verdict. 15. Ms Stickyfinger was charged with..... the funds of the organization. a) misappropriating; b) mislaying; c) mistaking; d) misplacing.
XXV. Discuss the problem of kidnapping. One of the problems about being successful is that you may become rich and famous and thus become a target for kidnappers, who may take you hostage and demand an enormous ransom for your release. HOW NOT TO BE KIDNAPPED Travel in isolated areas. Keep to a set routine at work or on holiday. Keep a low profile. Make reservations in your own name. Carry identification documents and medical det
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