Scientific ManagementAccording to Henry Ford, the assembly line was based on three simple principles: “the planned, orderly, and continuous progression of the commodity through the shop; the delivery of work instead of leaving it to the workman's initiative to find it; an analysis of operations into their constituent parts.” A scientific approach to these principles, the next logical step in the organization of work, had already been enunciated by the American industrial engineer Frederick W. Taylor (1856–1915). From his work an entirely new discipline—industrial engineering or scientific management—emerged, in which the managerial functions of planning and coordination were elevated to a primary position in the productive process. In Taylor's view, the task of factory management was to determine the best way for the worker to do the job, to provide the proper tools and training, and to provide incentives for good performance. Taylor broke each job down into its constituent motions, analyzed these to determine which were essential, and timed the workers with a stopwatch. With superfluous motion eliminated, the worker, following a machinelike routine, became much more productive. In some cases, Taylor recommended a further division of labour, delegating some tasks, such as sharpening tools, to specialists. These studies were complemented by two of Taylor's contemporaries in the United States, Frank B. and Lillian M. Gilbreth, whom many management engineers credit with the invention of motion studies. In 1909 the Gilbreths, studying the task of bricklaying, concluded that much motion was wasted by the worker in reaching down to pick up each brick. They devised an easily adjusted scaffold that eliminated stooping and improved average work performance from 120 to 350 bricks per hour. Industrial engineering ultimately came to include all elements of factory operation within its compass–layout, materials handling, and product design, as well as labour operations. Taylor regarded his movement as “scientific” because he attempted to apply scientific principles and measurement to the work process. Many previous advances in manufacturing had been made by applying scientific principles to machines in order to make them more efficient, and, through his minute subdivision of labour, Taylor sought to do the same to the work process itself. This scientific approach, however, neglected the human element, so that Taylor in effect converted the work process from a relationship between worker and machine into a relationship between two machines. Scientific management theorists assumed that workers desired to be used efficiently, to perform their work with a minimum of effort, and to receive more money. They also took for granted that workers would submit without question to standardization of physical movements and thought processes. Their system, however, ignored human feelings and motivations, leaving the worker dissatisfied with the job. Furthermore, some employers omitted the altruistic elements in Taylor's system and employed time and motion studies to set high norms of production and speed up the production line while still keeping wages down. Exercise 14. Match the words from the text with their definitions.
Exercise 15. Answer the following questions in pairs. 1. What principles was the assembly line based on? 2. What managerial functions were elevated to a primary position in the production process? 3. What were Taylor's ideas of scientific management? 4. Who did motion studies? 5. What were the disadvantages of scientific management? 6. Why was the worker dissatisfied with the job?
Exercise 16. Work in pairs. Speak about the first publications on management. Use the model and information below. Model. A: When and where was F.W. Taylor's book Principles of Scientific Management published? B: It was published in New York in 1911. Henri Fayol. Industrial and General Administration. Geneva, 1911. Henri Fayol. General and Industrial Management. London, 1949. F. W. Taylor.Principles of Scientific Management. New York, 1911. L. F. Urwick. The Elements of Administration. New York, 1943.
Exercise 17. Work in pairs. Speak about books on management you study at university. Use the list of questions below. 1. What is the title of the book? 2. Who wrote the book? 3. What do you know about the author? 4. When and where was the book published? 5. What is the book about? Exercise 18. Write about the periodicals on economics and management you use in your studies.
2.2. Levels of Management Exercise 1. Focus on the topical vocabulary. managing staff ['mxnIGIN'stRf] штат руководящих работников to fulfil [ful'fIl] v выполнять to consider [kqn'sIdq] v считать, рассматривать to determine [dI'tE:mIn] v определять to conduct [kqn'dAkt] v руководить, управлять to supervise ['sjHpqvaIz] v надзирать, заведовать to imply [Im'plaI] v значить, подразумевать top (executive) management [Ig'zekjutIv] = upper management ['Apq] = senior management ['sJnjq] высшее (исполнительное) руководство, высшая администрация корпорации middle (administrative) management ['mIdl (qd'mInIstrqtIv)] = medium management ['mJdjqm] среднее административное звено low management [lqV]=junior management ['GHnjq] руководство нижнего уровня the Chairman ['CFqmqn] n председатель the Board of Directors ['bLd…dI'rektqz] совет директоров корпорации chancellor ['CRnsqlq] n ректор executive [Ig'zekjutIv] n руководитель, администратор, руководящий работник; а исполнительный, организаторский corporate values ['kLp(q)rIt'vxljHz] корпоративные ценности to exercise general leadership ['eksqsaIz'Genqrql'lJdqSIp] осуществлять общее руководство to take charge of [CRG] присматривать, заведовать, руководить to steer [stIq] v управлять; руководить to specify ['spesIfaI] v точно определять, устанавливать to appraise [q'preIz] v оценивать profits ['prPfIts] доходы responsible [rIs'pPnsqbl] а ответственный to delegate responsibilities ['delIgeIt rIs"pPnsq'bIlItIz] передавать обязанности, ответственность to hire ['haIq] v нанимать hiring ['haIqrIN] n наем to fire ['faIq] v увольнять firing ['faIqrIN] n увольнение promotion [prq'mqVSqn] n продвижение по службе demotion [dI'mqVSqn] n понижение в должности to maintain discipline [mqn'teIn'dIsIplIn] поддерживать дисциплину to compliment achievements ['kPmplImqnt q'CJvmqnts] хвалить за достигнутое production assignment [prq'dAkSqn q'saInmqnt] производственное задание raw materials ['rL mq'tIqrIqlz] сырье; сырьевые материалы to exert (have, take) control over smth [Ig'zWt…kqn'troul] осуществлять контроль над чем-л.
Exercise 2. Try to understand the meaning of the derivatives. Use, usage, user, used; mean, meaning; run, running; manage, manager, management, managing, managerial; conduct, conductor, conduction, conducting; lead; leader, leadership, leading; organize, organizer, organization, organizing; motive, motivate, motivation, motivating; produce, producer, product, productive, productivity, production, produced; busy, business, businessman, businesswoman; fulfil, fulfilment; proper, properly; corporate, corporation; appraise, appraisal; belong, belongings; negotiate, negotiation; specify, specification; necessary, necessity.
Exercise 3. Guess what these international words mean. Criteria, an idea, a potential, financing, a factor, efficient, productive, organization, motivation, control, a professional, structures of management, experts, the vice-president of a corporation, a college, priorities, to dictate, general leadership, administrators, to delegate, specific, subordinates, collective, discipline, to correct, to compliment, to specify.
Exercise 4. Form word combinations using the words from lists A and B. Model: to manage a business - управлять делом A. 1) to manage; 2) to rule; 3) to operate; 4) to direct; 5) to drive; 6) to run; 7) to govern; 8) to control; 9) to steer; 10) to lead. B. a) a business; b) a car; c) a country; d) company; e) a machine; f) an enterprise; g) work; h) a department; i) an organization; j) a team of thinkers; k) the world.
Exercise 5. Form adjectives from these nouns using the suffix -ful, give their Russian equivalents. Model: resource [rI'sLs] – resourceful [rI'sLsful] изобретательность – изобретательный Fruit, colour, resource, help, care, hope, use, power, plenty, thought, success, respect, tact, meaning. Exercise 6. Complete the sentences with the words from the box.
1.... is an owner of an enterprise. 2.... is a group of people that controls and directs a company. 3.... is a person who holds the top positions of authority in an organization. 4....exercise general leadership. 5. Departments are run by... 6. Chiefs give orders to their... 7....are people of the same rank. Exercise 7. Read the following word combinations and give their Russian equivalents. To run an enterprise; a well-run business; to manage employees; to manage a department; a well-managed organization; to conduct a meeting; to conduct negotiations; to direct a business; to lead people; to head a company; to be at the head of a company; to be likely; to be successful; to be managed properly; to fulfil three criteria; the necessary growth potential; the right management; to determine success; to supervise a business; to imply planning, organization, motivation and control; the management staff; the collective body; to distinguish three levels of management; the top level; the middle level; the low level; executive management; to represent; the chairman of the board of directors; the chancellor of a college; to concern themselves with corporate values; to work out a proper development strategy; to be capable of producing; to appraise the state of the capacities; to determine the profits; to respond to quickly changing business conditions; to belong to administrative management; to delegate responsibilities; to make important decisions, to be connected with a boss, peers, subordinates and customers; to deal with hiring, firing, promotions and demotions; to deal with employees; to maintain discipline; to correct mistakes, to compliment achievements; to take control over fulfilment of production assignments; to be responsible for something; to use raw materials and equipment. Exercise 8. Complete the sentences with prepositions as, at, by, for, in, of, to, with where necessary. 1. Some companies make money ___ selling goods, other ___ selling services. 2. Mr. Smith is a mining engineer employed ___ a small company. 3. Ann works ___ a secretary ___ a private company. 4. My sister is a teller ___ a bank. 5. Some ___ my acquaintances were working ___ a rival firm. 6. Foremen deal ___ workers. 7. The director delegates many responsibilities ___ the managers ___ departments. 8. A manager is responsible ___ maintaining ___ discipline. 9. The owner ___ the enterprise was present ___ the presentation. 10. The board ___ directors is ___ the head _____ the company hierarchy. Exercise 9. Choose the correct form of the infinitive in brackets. 1. I was glad ___ (to be seen / to see) my colleagues. 2. Remind me ___ (to phone / to have phoned) our customer on Monday. 3. It is necessary ___ (to have examined / to examine) the documents properly. 4. Your job is ___ (to maintain / to be maintained) discipline, explain tasks to subordinates, correct mistakes, and compliment achievements. 5. Mr. Kennedy is the right man ___ (to be held / to hold) the position. 6. He came to London ___ (to study / to have studied) management. 7. Can I ___ (help / to help) you? 8. The worker pretended not (to see / to be seen) the supervisor. 9. They were surprised ___ (to have / to have got) the letter. 10. George wants ___ (to offer / to be offered) the job.
Exercise 10. Read these sentences and express the same in Russian. 1. The trade delegation is expected to arrive in June. 2. The visitor was asked to wait in the outer office. 3. The forwarding agents are reported to come next month. 4. The company office is said to be in the centre of the town. 5. The right management is considered to be the most important factor in determining success. 6. The goods proved to be damaged. 7. The secretary is certain to have posted the letter. 8. Business is likely to be successful if it fulfils three criteria: it is managed properly, the idea and the market for it have the necessary growth potential, financing is sufficient. 9. The director is not likely to come today. 10. The boss happened to be out at that time.
Exercise 11. Work in pairs. Speak about famous people in business and management. Consult the model. Model. A: Who is considered to be the father of management? B: …is known… Exercise 12. Read the text and find out how different organizations are run.
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