Студопедия — Washington, George
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Washington, George






The first president of the United States, and the commanding general of the victorious American army in the Revolutionary War. The best known of the Founding Fathers, Washington is called the father of his country. He was born in 1732 in Virginia and showed early talent as a surveyor and farmer. He served as an army officer in the French and Indian War, as a member of the Virginia legislature, and as a delegate to the Continental Congress. In the summer of 1775, a few weeks after the outbreak of the Revolutionary War, he took command of the American army. He and his men won early victories over the British in New Jersey at Trenton and Princeton, despite a great lack of training and supplies. Washington is particularly remembered for keeping up morale during the hardships of winter encampment at Valley Forge. His victory at the Battle of Yorktown ended the fighting.

Washington presided at the Constitutional Convention of 1787, and in 1789 he was unanimously elected the first president under the new Constitution. As president, he pursued a careful foreign policy, endorsed the financial program of Alexander Hamilton, and put down the Whisky Rebellion. Refusing to seek a third term as president, he retired from the office in 1797, issuing a Farewell Address that advised against party politics at home and against permanent alliances abroad. After he died in 1799, he was praised by Congress as “first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen.”

The qualities of Washington that have stood out over the centuries are his courage, his impartiality, and his good judgment.

The capital of the United States is named after George Washington, as is a northwestern state. Over thirty states have a Washington County, and his name has been given to numerous mountains, lakes, streets, and buildings.

The painting of Washington Crossing the Delaware, which shows him leading his army toward a surprise attack on the British, is well known. His portrait is on the one-dollar bill, and his profile appears on the twenty-five-cent piece.

Washington is the subject of many legends, which often celebrate his honesty (such as the story of Washington and the cherry tree) or his strength (such as the tale that he threw a rock, or a silver dollar, across the Rappahannock River).

 

22,23 вопросы– самостоятельно!!!

 

Identify the following persons or places:

1) George Washington (1732-99) - a U.S. general (American military leader) in the War for Independence and statesman and the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. (Commander of the American forces in the Revolutionary War (1775–1783), he presided(председательствовал) over the Second Constitutional Convention (1787) and was elected President of the fledgling (начинающей)country (1789).

2) Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) – The third President of the United States (1801–1809). A member of the second Continental Congress, the author of the Declaration of Independence (1776). His presidency was marked by the purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France (1803) and the Tripolitan War (1801–1805). A political philosopher, educator, and architect.

3) Abraham Lincoln ( 1809–1865) - The 16th President of the United States (1861–1865), who led the Union during the Civil War and emancipated slaves in the South (1863)(he was against slavery). He was assassinated shortly after the end of the war by John Wilkes Booth.

4) Jamestown- former village in southeastern Virginia, established on May 14, 1607 by the London Company as the first permanent English settlement in North America.

5) Lexington and Concord- the cities in Massachusetts where in 1775 (April 19) (the Battle of Lexington and Concord) the first battle in The War of Independence took place. Английский отряд, действовавший в линейном боевом порядке, был разбит меньшим по численности отрядом повстанцев, действовавшим в рассыпном строю.

6) Gettysburg - The Battle of Gettysburg (July 1–3, 1863), fought in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, as part of the Gettysburg Campaign, was the bloodiest battle of the American Civil War and is frequently cited as the war's turning point. Union Major General George G. Meade's Army of the Potomac defeated attacks by Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, ending Lee's second and final invasion of the North.

 

7) Paul Revere - Paul Revere (January 1, 1735 – May 10, 1818) was an American silversmith of French descent and a patriot in the American Revolutionary War. Immortalized after his death for his role as a messenger in the Battle of Lexington and Concord, Revere was a prosperous and well-known craftsman who was born in the class of tradesmen yet yearned to advance to the class of gentleman. He served as an officer in one of the most disastrous campaigns of the war, a role for which he was later exonerated. Soon after the war, he recognized the potential for large-scale manufacturing of metal goods and is considered by some historians to be the prototype of the American industrialist.

 

8) Pearl Harbor - The Imperial Japanese Navy made its attack on Pearl Harbor on the morning of December 7, 1941. The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, was aimed at the Pacific Fleet of the United States Navy and its defending Army Air Corps and Marine air forces. The USA suffered great losses. A lot of people died. Admiral Yamamoto planned the raid as the start of the Pacific Campaign of World War. However, the Pacific Fleet's three aircraft carriers were not in port and so were undamaged, as were oil tank farms, submarine pens, and machine shops. Using these resources the United States was able to rebound within six months to a year. The U.S. public saw the attack as a treacherous act and rallied strongly against the Japanese Empire, resulting in its later defeat. This attack has been called the Bombing of Pearl Harbor and the Battle of Pearl Harbor but, most commonly, the Attack on Pearl Harbor or simply Pearl Harbor.

 

9) Manhattan - Manhattan refers both to the Island of Manhattan which borders the lower Hudson River, and also to the Borough of Manhattan (one of the five boroughs of New York City), which includes the Island of Manhattan itself, as well as several other smaller islands and a small portion of the mainland. The borough is conterminous with New York County, and addresses within the borough of Manhattan are typically designated as New York, New York. As of 2000, the population comprised 1,537,195 people, but the county is geographically among the smallest in the United States with only 33 square miles (85 km?) of land. Thus, it is by far the most densely populated county in both the state and the entire United States.

10) Pittsburgh - Pittsburgh (Western Pennsylvania). Pittsburgh, nicknamed The Steel City, was traditionally considered the center of the American steel industry. In recent years the city has turned to technology, especially biotechnology and robotics, leading the Wall Street Journal to dub the city "Roboburgh.";

+ some history (maybe it’ll be useful):

· France was the first European country to send settlers to the forks of the Ohio River. They did so after capturing a small British garrison founded by William Trent. The Virginia colony sent Major George Washington to deliver a message to the French, demanding their withdrawal, and to reconnoiter their positions. The French refused. Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia then sent Washington back in command of a small troop of colonial soldiers, but the French forced him to surrender at a makeshift fort, Fort Necessity.

· During the French and Indian War (1754-1763), the British colonies captured Fort Duquesne, which sat at the confluence of the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers, at the part of downtown Pittsburgh now known as "The Point". The British built a larger fort on the same site and named it Fort Pitt in honor of the British statesman William Pitt the Elder. Fort Pitt was garrisoned in case of French attack during the French and Indian War, but by the time the improvements were made the war was over.

 

11) Franklin D. Roosevelt - The 32nd President of the United States (1933–1945). Governor of New York (1929–1932), he ran for President with the promise of a New Deal for the American people. His administration was marked by relief programs, measures to increase employment and assist industrial and agricultural recovery from the Depression, and World War II. He was the only U.S. President to be reelected three times (1936, 1940, and 1944). He died in office.

 

12) New Amsterdam - (Dutch: Nieuw Amsterdam) was the name of the 17th century fortified settlement in the New Netherland Province, established in 1624, that would eventually become New York City.

 

13) William Penn - (October 14, 1644–July 30, 1718) founded the Province of Pennsylvania, the British North American colony that became the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. (The democratic principles that he set forth served as an inspiration for the United States Constitution.)

 

 

14) Philadelphia (often referred to simply as " Philly " and sometimes as the " the City of Brotherly Love ") is the fifth most populous city in the United States and the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, both in area and population.

 

15.Lois Armstrong

16.Martin Luther King

17.Henry Ford

18.Walt Whitman

19.Neil Armstrong

20.Leonard Bernstein

21.Isadora Duncan

22.Bill Gates

23.Robert Frost

24.Andrew Carnegie

25.Charlie Chaplin

26.The Wright Brothers

27.walt Disney

28.Woody Allen

29.Samuel Colt

30.John Thrumbull

 

Explain what (who) is meant by:

1. Nominee - a person who has been officially suggested for a position, an honor, or election: He is a nominee for best actor. Nomination- 1. The act or an instance of appointing a person to office. 2. The act or an instance of submitting a name for candidacy or appointment. 3. The state of being nominated

2. Electoral college (коллегия выборщиков) – (electing body: a select body of people who elect somebody to an office on behalf of a larger group) the system for electing the US Pres. and Vice-pres.. It is made up of the members of the House of Repr. + the Senate. Each party makes its own list of its representatives. In General elections people formally vote for the electoral college. In December the members of the electoral college vote for president.

3. Impeachment - the procedure by which a public official or politician in the US, including the President, is charged with committing a political crime, and may be forced to leave the job. Only two presidents have been impeached. The first was Andrew Johnson in 1868, who remained president after the US Senate decided by one vote that he should do so. The second was Bill Clinton in 1999, who was also judged not guilty of acting illegally.

4. Inauguration - a ceremonial induction into office, the day every 4 years when the new president, elected in November, officially takes power. The ceremony takes place on 20 January in Washington, DC. The Pr. and Vice-pr. say the Oath of Office. Then the Pres. gives the inaugural address. In the evening there are official inaugural balls.







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