II. READING (30 points)a) Read the text and answer the questions given below (give full answers): AUTOMOBILE A motor car (a British name) or an automobile (an American name) is a road vehicle with usually 4 wheels which is driven by an engine and used as a means of transportation for a small number of people. The inventor of the petrol car is Karl Benz who in 1880 made a two stroke gas engine and built the first belt driven horseless carriage of his own original design. Frederick William Lanchester (the English engineer) and Henry Ford (the American car-maker) are also called the pioneers of automobile engineering. In 1908 Ford’s company began selling his famous Model T, inexpensive and easy-to-use car. His idea of assembling components on a moving production line is used in motor manufacture to this day. The primary components of a car are the power plant, the power transmission, clutches, the running gear, and the control system. These constitute the chassis on which the body is mounted. The power plant includes the engine and its fuel, the carburetor, ignition, lubrication, and cooling systems and the starter motor. Modern motor vehicles can be very reliable if they are serviced regularly. Most vehicles need servicing every 10 000 km. If they are not serviced, faults can occur and the vehicle will become unreliable. The amount of oil in the engine must be checked by the dipstick, and the oil needs changing about once every 5000 km. Car mechanics must know that oil filters will also need changing and cleaning regularly because it can be blocked by particles of dirt and metal. Some parts of a car need greasing every six months. To prevent water in radiator from freezing in cold conditions you should use anti-freeze. As for air filters they should be changed regularly because if the air filter becomes blocked, the air flow to the carburetor will be decreased, the amount of fuel will increase and damage may be caused inside the cylinders. But you should never operate the engine if the air filter is not in place. Dust and dirt may enter the engine and damage the cylinders, pistons and piston rings. And fuel filters in the fuel pump need cleaning too. Spark plugs will need regular checking. If electrodes are dirty and the gap between them is too large, the spark between the electrodes is too weak and the engine will operate badly. The electrodes can be cleaned with a small file and then adjusted to the correct gap. The electrolyte in the battery consists of a mixture of distilled water and sulphuric acid. Never use tap water and acid to replace electrolyte. You can change one or two valves in the cylinder if they became worn. Also check the condition of the valve springs as they may become less elastic after continuous use. Regularly check the pressure in tires and break system because it is very important for the safety of the driver and passengers.
1. By what tool is the amount of oil checked? 2. What is the difference between a motor car and an automobile? 3. What may happen to valve springs if they are not regularly checked? 4. What are the primary components of a car? 5. Who are the pioneers of automobile engineering? 6. Why should spark plugs be checked regularly? 7. Why should you never operate the engine if the air filter is not in place? 8. What is the definition of the automobile? 9. What does the electrolyte in the battery consist of? 10. Why should oil filters be checked regularly? 20 points b) Translate these sentences from Russian into English: 1. Современный автомобиль должен быть приемистым, иметь плавное сцепление, бесшумную коробку передач, надежные тормозную и рулевую системы, быть легким в управлении. 2. Двигатель автомобиля также должен иметь небольшой расход топлива и быть экологичным. 3. Кузов включает в себя капот, крылья и вспомогательные аксессуары: обогреватель, стеклоочистители, кондиционер и т.д. 4. Силовая передача (трансмиссия) состоит из сцепления, коробки передач, карданного вала, главной передачи, дифференциала, заднего моста и полуосей. 5. Рама изолируется от кузова резиновыми прокладками, чтобы шумы и вибрации не проходили к пассажирам автомобиля. 10 points Total Score – 50 points
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