BLOOD DISEASESBlood (to be) _____ a circulating tissue. Blood (to compose) _______ of fluid plasma and cells. The main three groups of blood cells (to be) _____ red blood cells or erythrocytes [i’riOresaits], white blood cells or leukocytes [‘lju:kesaits], and platelets [‘pleitlits] or thrombocytes [‘Orombosaits]. The main functions of blood (to be) _____ first, to supply nutrients (oxygen, glucose) and constitutional elements to tissues and second, to remove waste products (such as carbon dioxide and lactic acid). The blood (to circulate) _____________ around the lungs and body by the pumping action of the heart. Blood is composed of several kinds of corpuscles [‘ko:p slz]. These formed elements of the blood (to constitute) ____________ about 45% of whole blood. The other 55% (to be) ____ blood plasma. Blood plasma (to be) _____ a yellowish fluid. The average adult (to have) ______ a blood volume of about 5 liters, of which 2.7-3 liters (to be) ____ plasma. The corpuscles are:
The normal erythrocyte count (to be) ____ between 4 mln and 5 mln erythrocytes per cubic milimeter. The normal leucocyte count (to be) ____ between 4 000 and 9 000 leucocytes per cubic milimeter. The normal thrombocyte count (to be) ____ between 180 000 and 320 000 thrombocytes per cubic milimeter. Blood plasma (to be) _____ essentially an aqueous [‘eikwies] solution containing 96% water, and 4% blood plasma proteins. Some components (to be) _____: albumin [‘aelbjumin]; blood clotting factors; immunoglobulins (antibodies) [‘globjulinz]; hormones [‘ho:mounz] various other proteins [‘prouti:nz]; various electrolytes [I’lektrolaits] (mainly sodium [‘soudjem] and chlorine [‘klo:ri:n]) Blood cells (to produce) ________________ in the bone marrow. The process (to term) ______________ hematopoiesis. Erythrocytes usually (to live) __________ up to 120 days before they (to replace) ___________ by new erythrocytes. In humans, oxygenated blood (to be) ____ bright red in color. Deoxygenated blood (to be) ____ dark red. Leukemia or leukaemia (to be) _____ a cancer of the blood or bone marrow. It (to characterize) ______ by an abnormal proliferation of blood cells, usually white blood cells (leukocytes). It (to be) ____a part of the broad group of diseases called hematological neoplasms. People with leukemia may (to become) ____________ bruised. They (to bleed) __________ excessively. Finally, the red blood cell deficiency (to lead) __________ to anaemia, which may (to cause) ___________ dyspnea. Some other related symptoms (to include) Fever, chills, and other flu-like symptoms Weakness and fatigue Loss of appetite and/or weight Swollen or bleeding gums Neurological symptoms (headache) Enlarged liver and spleen Leukemia (to be) ______ a broad term covering a spectrum of diseases. Leukemia ______ clinically and pathologically (to split) __________ in to its acute and chronic forms. The diseases (to classify) ___________________ according to the type of abnormal cell found most in the blood. When leukemia (to affect) ____________ lymphoid cells, it (to call) ________ lymphocytic leukemia.
Combining these two classifications provides a total of four main categories: Acute lymphocytic leukemia (to be) ______ the most common type of leukemia in young children. This disease also (to affect) _____________ adults, especially those age 65 and older. Acute myelogenous leukemia (to occur) __________ more commonly in adults than in children.. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia most often (to affect) __________ adults over the age of 55. It sometimes (to occur) __________________ in younger adults, but it almost never (to affect) children. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (to occur) __________________ mainly in adults. A very small number of children also (to develop) ________________________ this disease. The exact cause of leukemia (to be) _____ unknown but it (to influence) ______________ by both genetic and environmental factors. Viruses __________(to link) ________________ to some forms of leukemia. Haemophilia or hemophilia (to be) _______ the name of several hereditary genetic illnesses. They (to impair) _______________ the body's ability to control bleeding. Genetic deficiencies (or, very rarely, an autoimmune disorder) cause lowered plasma clotting factor activity so as to compromise blood-clotting; when a blood vessel is injured, a scab will not form and the vessel can continue to bleed excessively for a very long period of time. The bleeding can be external, if the skin is broken by a scrape, cut or abrasion, or it can be internal, into muscles, joints or hollow organs. It might therefore present visibly as skin bruises, or subtly as melena, hematuria, or bleeding in the brain.
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