Have to

1. Every man of ambition has to fight his century with its own weapons. 2. You can't keep him here. If you do, I'll have to report you. 3. I'm not forgetting. Some days you'll have to be two places at once. 4. "Then you will have to put down what is needed," Captain Jaabeck said. 5. "When can I leave this hospital?" — "You cannot. You have to be transferred to Epsom. Now you'll have to stay here until I can arrange transport." 6. The least thing worries me to death. I shall have to go to Bath. 7. I am afraid we can't just leave this thing. We have to talk about it. We have to react in an honest way. We can't pretend not to mind. 8. Reggie looked at his watch. "I shall have to be scooting, or I shall be late for tea." — "Aren't you supposed to be working?" 9. She thinks it fashionable, and the county in London has to take so many precautions not to seem provincial. 10. What are you doing on this train? You don't have to answer that, see you on the way back. 11. It's a precaution we have to take. 12. You'll have to go, Laura, you're the artistic one. 13. He would not have to stay in any one place for very long, Conway hoped, only long enough to sort out the local translation problems. 14. "Miss Martin, I don't want you to feel un­comfortable." — "I'm really fine, Mr. Smith. I have to get used to the silence." 15. "You'd have to have a scientific man as judge," said Luke.

Be to

1. Judges were not to be trifled with, or special hearings demanded without good reason. 2. What am I to say to you? You saved me last night? 3. What am I to do — feed his body to the fish­es because no country will have him? 4. Alan asked, "How long will your ship remain in Vancouver?" "It was to have been five days." 5. But unlike the Italian — after learning that there was to be no quick disposal of Duval — the thought of ill-treatment did not occur to him. 6. Early on December 3 he packed his rucksack, left a note at the studio for Glyn, who was soon to arrive in London and entrained for Sussex.

Need

1. Well, my dear fellow, you need not eat as if you were going to eat it all. 2. "Of course, Hope," Philip sadly remarked as he unfolded his napkin, "you needn't expect much food here." 3. You are pleased, aren't you! And you needn't worry — I haven't come back to sponge on you. 4. "You need not be frightened," said Arthur. 5. You need not be so remorseful about your suspicions, Hastings. 6. "You really needn't think it in the least necessary to show any interest in me," she replied calmly. 7. Who else is there? Only Mary, my father's ward, and she is a mere child. You needn't worry about her in the least.

Shall

1. Don't go. I consent. The report shall be with­drawn. 2. And now I must go, dear. Shall I call for you tomorrow? 3. Give me back that let­ter. I'll take it from you by force. You shall not leave* my room till I have got it. 4. You shall not tell her — I forbid you. 5. But he had better pre­pare himself. He shall have a scandal. He shall have the worst scandal there has been in London for years. 6. Before showing my empty hand, I dropped what it contained into my other hand. You shall see what that was. 7. They both eagerly and res­olutely declined her invitation. "But indeed, you must and shall come. I am sure you will like it of all things." 8. "Do come now," he said, "pray — come — you must come — I desire you shall come." 9. Bluntschli: "I'm a professional soldier: I fight when I have to and am very glad to get out of it when I haven't to." Sergius: "You shall hear the reason all the same, my professional."

Should

1. Never mind what I say, Robert! I am always saying what I shouldn't say. 2. I suppose I should retire from public life. 3. You should have told your wife the whole thing... No man should have a secret from his own wife. 4. Danger is too great a word. It is a word I should not have used. 5. Why shouldn't he take a consulting room in Welbeck Street? 6. "You'd get fresh air." — "Fresh air!" exclaimed James. "What should I do with fresh air?" 7. Secretary: "What do you say to it?" Cardinal's Secretary: "What should I say? I represent the Cardinal." 8. When you do become engaged to someone, I, or your father, should his health permit him, will inform you of the fact. 9. Algernon: "What brings you up to town?" Jack: "Oh, pleasure, pleasure! What else should bring one anywhere?"

Will

1. If you will allow me, I will copy your remarks into my diary. 2. Lord Windermere: "Sit down and write the card." Lady Windermere: "Nothing in the whole world will induce me." Lord Windermere: "Then, I will!" 3. "Do as I say." — "I will not. Why are you listening and saying nothing?" 4. "We will leave the poor invalid in possession of our green hollow — so quiet," she said to herself. 5. "There's no use my even trying to thank you, Mr. Studebaker." — "But try," said Martha. — "No, I won't but maybe you can," said Pomfret. Ira smiled. "No­body has to thank me," he said. 6. "Will Amm see her daddy one day?" — "No, darling." — "But I will, won't I?" — "Maybe. I can't promise." 7. "I was hoping to find you here, Mr. Bush. I wanted to have a talk with you....Won't you sit down?" — "No, I won't sit down," he answered aggressively. 8. Uncle Jack, if you don't shake hands with Ernest I will never forgive you. 9. Boocock: "I have no desire whatever to make a statement to the Press." Butterthwaite: "If you don't, I will."

Would

1. "I would like to see more of Rye," I said on an impulse. "Would it be possible for me to travel with you tomorrow?" 2. Bosinney's office was in Sloane Street, close at hand, so that he would be able to keep his eyes continually on the plans. 3. "Would you like your girls to read them?" asked Mrs. Encombe. 4. Raina: "Would you know him again if you saw him?" The man: "Shall I ever forget» him!" 5. After June was married, as he sup­posed she would, he would let it and go into rooms. 6. "Would you like to tell me about it?" — "Yes, I would, and then you can laugh at me and tell me it's all nonsense and I shall have got it off my mind." 7. Just for a moment it all seemed pos­sible, but she would not have her own house. She would not have her own life, would not have chil­dren. Her mother would be reasonable. 8. I can't pre­tend to talk to you indifferently before her. My heart is too full. I will get my hat, and then we can go out until lunch time. Wouldn't you like that? 9. "Say, let me give you a nice cup of coffee. I'll have some ready when Mr. Pomf ret gets back." — "I would like a cup of coffee," she said.

Dare

1. You know, I do love you so. I have for ages. But I never have dared tell you so. 2.....she dare not make it too large lest you should attract attention. 3. "How dare you?" The words choked in my throat. I could barely see. "How dare you open my letter!" 4. He dared say he would want all his money before he had done this affair with Jane. 5. Andrew hating himself dared not meet his wife's eyes.

Exercise 2. Define the meanings of the modal verbs. Trans­late the sentences into Russian.

1. He idled away the mornings at billiards, which ought to have been devoted to business. 2. "I rather agree with you," I said. "But there's another point. How am I to get hold of that scoundrel who drove her to death as surely as if he'd killed her?" 3. What is to be said here is of utmost secre­cy, and must remain so until the proper moment, even among our closest colleagues. 4. It may be said that the screen can never give exactly the sympathetic thrill you feel when you see living per­sons in flesh and blood before you. It might very well have been said that strings and wood could never make up for the intimate quality of the human voice. The event has proved they could. 5. Well, I expect it's all for the best. You ought to be pleased. 6. If all you can do is laugh at me, maybe we should say good-bye for good. 7. "This is Mr. Poirot, Mother," said Flora. "I told you about him this morning." — "Oh! Yes," said Mrs. Ackroyd vaguely, "Of course, my dear, of course. He is to find Ralph, is he not?" — "He is to find out who killed uncle," said Flora. 8. I came to the conclusion that I could never find the one complete and satisfying book I sought, because that book could only be an expres­sion of myself. So with more courage I made up my mind that I must write it for myself. I thought I should thus have at least a foundation for my own work. 9. It was absurd that the juvenile schoolmis­tress should so insistently occupy his thoughts or that he should be concerned by what she might think of him. 10. I'm afraid to go out with men now. They've all got something disgusting to tell you about themselves. All they want from you is that you shall listen and not be shocked, so they can go away feel­ing there's nothing the matter with them. Well, I tell you, I won't do it any more! 11. She's taken care of herself through some tough times before this, I imagine, and she can do it again if she has to. It's just... just that I wouldn't want to be the one who* brought it on her. 12. Icannot walk. I am crip­pled and twisted. Mercifully I can still feed myself, but otherwise I have to be attended like a baby. 13. You shall find me a nice husband and I will look after his stomach very carefully.

Exercise 3. State the meaning of the modal verbs shall, should, will, would in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. Duchesse: "Well, Mr. Harvey, are you still en­joying your life in London?" Clay: "He should be. I've got his invitations to all the nicest parties. But he will waste his time on sightseeing." 2. Constance, I will be perfectly frank with you. 3. He should have retired ten years ago while he still had posses­sion of his abilities. 4. Use those words again, and I will leave the room this moment. 5. I think I should make that clear because you seem to be working up to a renewal of your proposal. 6. When she was asked to comment on other friends of Joe's — Alec Weeks, for example — she would say: "You mustn't ask me about people like Alec Weeks." 7. I will go to her presently, for I am sure she will not have the least objection in the world toseeing you. 8. They shall no longer worry oth­ers, nor torture myself. I shall live solely for my fam­ily. 9. "When the weather is settled, and I have recovered my strength," said she, "we will take long walks together every day. We will walk to the farm at the edge of the down, and see how the children go on." 10. "Is it really you?" he ejaculated. — "Of course it is. Why shouldn't it be?" — "Why shouldn't it be? Say, man, don't you know you've been given up for dead?" 11. "Fascinating," said the woman. "I know I'd love to hear about it some time, but I suppose I never will." — "No, I don't guess you ever will," said Ira. 12. "I've always wanted to see the world," he smiled. — "And you shall, my sweet," said Catalina. "And you shall be a great actress."

Exercise 4. State the meanings of the modal verbs must, ought, should, have to, be to, need in the following sentences. Translate the sentences into Russian.

1. She must lie down and rest till the energy comes back. 2. "I shall have to keep a very sharp eye on you," she answered, with a laugh that to herself sounded like a sob of pain. 3. All my spare time, and much that I should have devoted to my medical studies, I spent reading and writing. 4. I was to find out in a few moments that I was partly but not entirely correct in this surmise. 5. "Bella must be just leaving Dover now," she said. 6. Martha: "John always comes home to luncheon, doesn't he?" Constance: "When he doesn't have to be at the hospital too early." 7. Is it possible for him to go away? He ought to winter abroad — not only for the climate, but also because new scenes will distract his mind. 8. "Nay, Edward," said Mar­ianne, "you need not reproach me. You are not very gay yourself." 9. He was lonely! He oughtn't to complain, he knew, but he couldn't help it. 10. "How did he die?" And George said, "He must have fallen from his horse. He must have drowned in the river." 11. Can't you see your way to do the house for eight thousand after all? There must be a lot of little things you could alter? 12. "You are going to miss your train." —"You don't have to tell me that." 13. I think we ought to be busi­nesslike. 14. I shouldn't have let you over-tire yourself. 15.....the carriage should besent for them and they must come. 16. I had to be guarded in what I said. 17. If you have, Mrs. Arbuthnot, pray, pray, say it. We are quite by our­selves here. Whatever it is, I need not say I will not repeat it. 18. "Unfortunately, I must go to Strasbourg tomorrow,*' he said. "On business. I am to go on to Switzerland directly from there."

Exercise 5. State whether shall, should, will (would) are modal or auxiliary verbs.

1. "What will you do if you can't find the way up?" asked Susie. "I shall find the way up," he answered. 2. She shall forgive me again, and on more rea­sonable grounds. 3. Perhaps you will hardly think the better of me, — it is worth the trial, how­ever, and you shall hear everything. 4. But I do assure you it was so, for all that, and I will tell you how it happened. 5. Will you tell her how sor­ry I am? If there's anything I can do, I shall be de­lighted to do it. 6. When I shook hands with Mrs. Strickland I told her that if I could bo of any use to her I should be very glad. 7. 11 was not worth spoiling the game with such unwoln >шо realities be­cause I knew all the time that 1 wouldn't be going. 8. It would be everything to get Irene out of town. The house would please her, she would enjoy messing about with the decoration, she was very ar­tistic! 9. Tommy foresaw that it was ex­tremely likely there would be no second taxi. 10. Oh, then I think I will go to bed when I've washed the dishes. You will put the lamp out, dear? 11. If he is not here by the end of the week, I shall go after him. 12. "You forget that you gave Mill­er orders not to admit me." — "You shouldn't have taken that au grand serieux, I dismiss my maid ev­ery time she does my hair badly, but she's been with me for years. I forgave you in a week." 13. I should have thought you could wait for a few min­utes without getting into a beastly temper. 14. You shall have all the information possible this afternoon. 15. I knew it would be no good go­ing to your daughter, because she wouldn't listen to me.

 

Exercise 6. Read the following dialogues and comment on the meaning of the modal verbs shall, should, will (would). Pattern your own dialogues after them.

1. — Yes, Dad, would you hold this shelf steady, so that I can hit it a really good hard bang?

— Right, I've got it.

— Well, that's finished. How does it look?

— It should be all right.

2. — Well, Harry, don't you remember that today's the anniversary of our wedding day?

— Good heavens, so it is!

— And you promised we should always keep it.

— So I did! — You know, Harry, there's a dance this evening at the Town Hall.

— So there is!

— So do you still think you'll go round to the club?

— No, somehow I don't think I will

3. — I think I shall do a bit of gardening. Will you help me, Nora?

— Of course, I will. Shall I put on my gardening boots?

— Yes, do — and so will I.

4. — O, Harry, — will you, please, paint the roof of the shed? That really does make the garden look untidy.

— It shall be painted! — but not till next weekend.

— And you shall have a glass of beer, when the tree is dug up. I'll bring it out to you.

— That'll be very nice — I shall certainly be ready for it.

5. — Oh, Nora, here's a letter from old Bartle. He wants to come and stay for a week from Friday.

— That will be nice, won't it? He's such a nice old dear.

— He is a fussy old nuisance.

— Now which room can he have? Oh, yes, he shall sleep in Robert's room, and Robert shall share with Peter. Peter, you will let Robert sleep in your room just for a few nights, won't you?

— Oh, Mother, I don't want to share with Robert! He won't like it either.

— Just while Mr. Bartle is here, you shall have your room to yourself as soon as ho goes.

— And shall he have his break fast in bed every day?

— I suppose I must do that for him. (Door bell.) Will you see who that is at the door, Peter?

— Yes, Mother, I will.

6. — Harry, could you turn out your workroom? I've been meaning to ask you for days.

— Yes, I will.

7. — Harry, do you know that three people in the family have birthdays next month. We must think of presents for them...

— Oh, Peter's easy. We can give him a football.

— But hasn't he already got one?

— Yes. But it's worn out. Besides, it's a very small one, and he is old enough now to want a full-sized one.

— Good; then he shall have a football,

— Hasn't my Aunt Dorothy got a birthday next month too!

— Yes,... I thought we might give her some green hand towels.

— Why green ones? Does it matter what colour they are?

— Yes, haven't you noticed? At her house she always has green hand towels.

— If that's what she wants then she shall have some that are as green as grass!

Exercise 7. Use the modal verbs in the correct form.

1. "Do you ever hear of your husband?" — "No, I haven't heard a word He _____be dead for all I know." — "I _____ run across him in Paris. Would you like me to let you know about him?" 2. He's been used to comfort and to having someone to look after him. How long do you think it'll be before he gets tired of a scrubby room in a scrubby hotel? Besides, he hasn't any money. He _____ come back.3. "I allowed you to come in so that I _____ tell you that I will have no communication with you except through my solicitors." — "I daren't." ) 4.I _____ not understand the expression of her face. 5. I _____ get back to my work. 6. Now you _____ say you like my frock. I've seen six women turn green at the sight of it. They think I _____be French. 7. I'm afraid I _____ get home. I have a lot of work to do. 8. You _____ come and see us one day. 9. But it did mean that Edgar Kramer and Captain Jaabeck _____ be summoned here to explain their stand. 10. Margaret said tentatively, "I suppose you really ­_____ go to Montreal tonight, Jamie." 11. I suppose there are the penalties of greatness I can quite understand that you _____ think of your patients first 12."______I go to her?" — "Not just now. Nurse Craven is with her. But you don't need to worry. She's all right" 13. I _____ have a further proof that day of the success of Poirot's tactics.14. "You _____ compete," he said. "You never did."15. I decided that the bell _____ be out of order and I wondered what to do next. I _____ either call out, or bang on the door, or throw stones at the window. 16. "Well, I think I am in love." — "Who is the lucky girl?" — "You _____ know. You _____ have guessed." — "Maybe. But tell me." He wanted to, but _____ say it. Jerry lowered his eyes, and sipped soup. "This _____ be serious."

Exercise 8. Translate the following sentences paying atten­tion to the form of the infinitives after the modal verbs.

1. Miriam said that she ought to go to an ear spe­cialist before she went to the Isle of Wight. 2. I presume it must have been thrown down by one of the thieves as he took to his heels. 3. I'll have to be getting along. 4. We have never finished "Hamlet"; our dear Willoughby went away before we could get through it. 5. Something she said made me think that the person in question might be actually among my household — but that can't be so. I must have misunderstood her. 6. There is a matter that must be treated with caution. We must do nothing in haste. There must be no scandal and you must order your daughter not to speak to any­one of this thing. 7. I know how pinched you are, thanks to that bloody Dudley. Yes, I will speak ill of the dead. 8. Say what you have to say, say it quickly and begone. 9. You go to sleep now, Ellen, and we'll say no more about it. You should have been asleep long ago. 10. You must be­lieve me. I'll have to tell you one more thing. It's hate­ful, but it's true. 11. Don't be angry, Eva. I* know how I must have upset you, and I know I've been clumsy, and said things all wrong. 12. I was startled by seeing the figure of Parker close at hand. He looked embarrassed, and it occurred to methat he might have been listening at the door. 13. Alan, I think I should apologize for what I said to you the other day. 14. Lodge must have been waiting for us, for he met us as soon as we went out. 15. We must be honest. I shan't be offended at anything. You are the one who should be offended, if anyone has to be. 16. Мог suddenly felt cer­tain that Bledyard must be reading his mind. 17. Now this engagement is the best thing that could have happened — keep him steady. 18. You must be starving. 19. "Well, in that case," said Miss Carter, "perhaps we could drive on a bit I know it's very naughty, and I ought to be working, but I really must have some air." 20. He saw clearly that Muriel was a girl who would have to be handled warmly. 21. You must have acquired a good working knowledge of scientific agriculture.

Exercise 9. Use the proper form of the infinitive in brackets.

1. It was quite clear she could not (to make) head or tail of my announcement. 2. You told me I might (to call) upon you. I thought I might (to be able) to help you. 3. There must (to be) something wrong, otherwise she wouldn't (to leave) home. 4. "If I can (to be) of any service," suggested the young man, "I will (to call) a cab, or — " "Thank you," said the girl, softly but heartily. "I am sure you need not (to trouble) yourself any further." 5. You ought not (to speak) in this way, either of Mrs. Willoughby or my sister. 6. I acknowledge that her situation and her character ought (to respect) by me. 7. "I wouldn't (to answer) it," Milly said. 8. I did what little had (to do). 9. We can't (to do) anything about it. Anyway, Glossop ought (to leave) in about a week. 10. "I can (to see) you must (to be) very upset," she said gently. 11. It might (to be) worse. He had expected more than this. It was lucky, after all, that June had broken the ice for him. She must (to worm) it out of Bosinney; he might (to know) she would. 12. "It is no use marrying because you think you should (to marry)," Matisse reassured him, "you must (to wait) until the love and the urge are so powerful that you cannot (to conceive) of living without that marriage." 13. But where will we ourselves go? What is (to happen) to us? 14. Can't you (to do) something to stop it? You have some influence over her. You must (to see) that the thing's preposterous. 15. He must (to realize) that we could not (to help) overhearing what had hap­pened. 16. They told her one and all that the world was young and beautiful, but the time of man so short that every hour of it must (to live) as though it were the last 17. It seemed to Мог that she must (to be) there a long time. 18. Be quiet, Tommy. We ought (to take) it seriously. 19. Мог immediately began to feel guilty. Although he was not actually teaching, there were in fact a lot of things that he ought (to do) that afternoon. 20. I can assure you that there had been no desire to de­ceive. Merely an unfortunate blunder on the part of our... staff who shall (to reprimand) severely.

Exercise 10. Use the particle to wherever necessary.

1. His good-natured, honest, stupid soul, full of in­dignation against me, and concern for your sister, could not_resist the temptation of telling me what he knew ought_— though probably he did not think it would vex me horridly. 2. Sothen he was happy, and talked on some time about what they should_do, and they agreed he should_take orders directly, and they must _wait to be married till he got a living. 3. I knew I ought__ have gone over myself. 4. Then I needn't_detain you any long­er. 5. Oh, dear, I oughtn't_have said that. 6. "Look, Mabel—he's going into The Lodge'. I suppose we shall have_put off our visit now." — "And why should we? I can_see no reason at all we should_alter our plan." 7. Do you have_work out your notice? Couldn't you just_quit? 8. The window may _have been left open after his departure and so afforded entrance to the murderer, or the same per- son may_have returned a second time. 9. I agree with you that the villain ought _be punished, but the cost has_be reckoned. 10. She looked him fully in the face. "I do not have_take this test, do I?" — "No". — "Then I will not" 11. We ought_find it easy to get what we want out of him. 12. Mrs. Culver: "We must_think all things over. First of all you must_listen to what John has to say for himself." Martha: "What can he_have to say for himself?" 13. We must_go to the collection-room immediately. There may_ be something missing. 14. But I am old-fash­ioned, you know, and it seems to me a shame and a sin that a girl like that, that ought_be going to parties and dancing with young men, should_ spend her time cutting up rabbits and bending over a microscope all day. 15. I was able_ig­nore the facts that were staring me rather rudely, I must_say—in the face. 16. Mabel Chil- tern: "I assure you she is coming upstairs." Lady Chil- tern: "You need not_wait, Mabel. Remember, Lady Basildon is expecting you! 17. Their talk went on as the light faded, and without seeming to notice they talked on into the dark. So strong was the spell that Michael dared not_reach his hand out to the lamp. 18. "I can_see noth­ing," said Juse. "Give me your hand, and I will_ follow you."

Exercise 11. Paraphrase using the modal verbs. Make all the necessary changes.

1. She was pleased to be able to tell you that her son was at Cambridge. 2. I'm sure you will find her quite satisfactory. 3. We'll leave things as they are for the present. It's highly probable Mr. Achroyd paid that money away himself. 4. It is likely enough that each branch of the Forsyte family made that remark as they drove away from old Jolyon's "at home". 5. Mrs. Jennings and Mrs. Palmer joined their entreat­ies, all seemed equally anxious to avoid a family par­ty; and the young ladies were obliged to yield. 6. He instructed the government operator, "Get Mr. War-render. He'll probably be at home." 7. "If I tell Har­vey that," Howden said, "he'll probably quote Plato at me." 8. Alroy Kear was a bachelor and now at fifty was likely to remain one. 9. Jenny was obliged to go a little before six, at which hour the Golden Grown* opened its doors to thirsty Christians. 10. I'm sure Reggie will do well at the Bar, and I can keep him with me in London. 11. I haven't made up my mind yet; the thing will very likely go off. 12. Arriving at the theatre, they found Lady Paperleigh was not yetcome and since they did not know the number of her box, were obliged to wait in the entrance. 13. I asked myself what sort of part would be likely to appeal to a leading lady, and having made up my mind on this point, wrote "Lady Frederick". 14. Elinor was obliged to assist in making a whist-table for the others. 15. If you wanted to build, he could tell you if there was likely to be a water supply on the spot. 16. There was not a person at liberty to attend to their orders; and they were obliged to wait.

Exercise 12. State whether will (would), have, be, shall, should are modal, auxiliary or notional verbs.

1. "I warn you! We're not ready for an election." "We have to be," Howden declared. "We have to take our chances." 2. Her friends were able to per­suade themselves that in a little while she would be her old self again, for she was growing stronger and more cheerful. 3. Mrs. Palmer laughed, and said it would not do her any harm. 4. I had a vast deal more to say to you, but I must not stay away from them any longer. 5. I had made arrangements so as not to have to come to the office again for a little while. 6. All that I had to do, was to avoid you both. 7. It was the Vastervik, a fact he was to learn two days later and twenty miles at sea when starvation conquered fear and drove him out of hid­ing. 8. Adrian Nesbitson, Minister of Defense, was next on her list and she had to wait several min­utes before the old man's shuffling footsteps reached the phone. 9. "Dear Antonia," I said, "don't be cross with me. I didn't know you'd mind. 1 should have asked you." 10. "Would you like to see your rooms?" — "We can see our rooms after luncheon." 11. "I have something to tell you." — "What?" — "I can't tell you over the phone." — "Why not? Is it bad?" — "It's bad enough." — "It might have been good once." 12. And now if I may in­trude a personal note, don't think this calls for a little celebration? Would you do me the honour of taking supper with me this evening? 13. I still felt half-doped with sleepiness and I had to force myself to lie awake for a few minutes, wondering hazily if I could have heard David cry. I felt I should go and have a look at him, but I was so heavy-limbed and thick-headed I didn't want to move. 14. So you're going to Wales tomorrow. You'll have a lot of rain there.

Exercise 3. Open the brackets and fill in the blanks with must, have to, be to, should, need, ought to (in ноте cases you may have several variants)

1. He ___(not go) to court because the case was dismissed. 2. If I'm late, I'll ___(take) a taxi. 3. The young___(respect) the old age. 4. The conversation grew awkward. She felt that something ___ (do), or else the party would break up. 5. They___(meet) tomorrow, so you___(not make) an appointment to see him. 6, You ___(have) a visa to enter a foreign country. 7. You___ (try) and be more punctual. 8. Why are you so late? — I ___(change) a tyre. 9. You___(not shout), I am not deaf. 10. They___(cross) the English Channel now.

 

 

Exercise 13. Fill in the blanks with the modal verbs making necessary changes (you may have several variants).

1. He is in the garden. He___(read) a newspaper in the summerhouse. 2. Her son ___ (get) into trouble yesterday. I've seen him today and he looked quite happy and gay. 3.1 don't remember him well but it seems to me he___(be) in charge of the Finance department last year.

4. He___already (get) used to driving on the left. He has been living in London for a year. 5. He___(receive) an emergency call, that's why he is out. 6. They___(not take up) this problem. It has been already solved. 7. Where is Mr. Black? — He___(receive) a foreign delegation.

They ___(come) at two o'clock. 8. Why haven't the Smiths arrived yet? — They ____ (lose) their way. They don't know the road well. 9. You___(introduce) me to your wife long ago. 10. He „___ (buy) a new car. He is deeply in debt. 11. He ___(buy) a new car, but I am not

sure. 12. They___already (arrive). Look, the windows are open. 13. Where is John? — He___(smoke) in the corridor. 14.1 think for your children's sake you___ (do) it. 15. You___(buy) this book for me. You know I have wanted to have it. 16. A wife___(obey) her husband, the Bible says. 17. You,___(wait) for me, I knew the road well and found my way myself. 18. Judging by his papers on the writing table he___(work) for several hours.

19. ___ it (be) Nick? He has changed a lot. 20. They___ (not know) of the plane's delay, otherwise they did not come at 2 o'clock.

Exercise 14. Compare the meaning and use of the modal verbs shall and will.

1. I beg you to let me bring him here. We can make him comfortable. Perhaps we can save him. He shall be no trouble to you. I will do everything. 2. But it's not only because he's a genious that I ask you to let me bring him here; it's because he is a hu­man being, and he is ill and poor. — I will never have him in my house — never…..If he comes here I shall go! 3. You are my wife, you are dearer to me than anyone in the world. No one shall come here without your entire consent. 4. Go to bed, my precious. I will walk a few steps with our friend, and then I will come back. 5. "Shall I get rid of Strickland for you?" I asked. He gave a little start, and his shining face grew very red. 6. When they came to the door of the inn, he stopped. "Will you go in? I wish to take a walk by myself," he said. 7. "Now go down and wait for me at the door," said Arthur, "I will follow you immediately." 8. I shall see how much I am beforehand with the world in the spring, and we will plan our improve­ments accordingly. 9. The fat man led her to the door. "No," she said. "I won't go outside. I won't sit down. I'll just stand here, thank you." 10. "Saved," cried Alonso. "You shall play Dorotea with me tomorrow and I will play Don Ferdinand." 11. "It is my pleasure. Let it be enough for you to know that such is my desire." — "It shall be as you will, madam. The boy shall be taken on the night of the day on which brother leaves the city." 12. He came to himself. "Has the girl told that she shall hear from me?"

Exercise 15. Use the modal verbs shall or will.

1. You _____ find me as stubborn as you can be artful. 2. "Let us wait here and see the sun rise," said Susie. "As you _____." 3. You nev­er need see him again. If you are afraid, you _____ be hidden from him, and lawyers _____ arrange everything between you. 4. "No, sir," she re­plied with firmness, "I _____ not stay here." 5. If Edward does marry this young woman, I never_____ see him again. 6. I_____ arrange for a question to be put to me on the subject. 7. It's Doctor Llewellyn on the phone. What _____ I tell him, darling? 8. _____ you come in, Mr. Owen? Please. 9. Who is this chap Trollope any­way? _____ you teach me, darling? 10. Please, sit down! _____ you have a cup of tea, or a glass of hot milk? 11. What a lovely waltz they're play­ing _____ we dance? 12. Sit still for a minute or two, and you _____ tell us what you want to when you are a little rested. 13. Then I _____ say the words and you _____ say them after me.

Exercise 16. Compare the meaning and the use of the mod­al verbs should and would.

1. "Strickland can't work with anyone else in the studio." — "Damn it all, it's your studio. That's his look-out" — "He wouldn't let me go on painting. He told me to get out." 2. "Would you mind telling me at what college you were?" asked Arthur. 3. Then we would speak of this publisher and of that, comparing the generosity of one with the meanness of another.... 4. "I'll give you a les­son if you like," said Driffield in his good-humoured way. "Come on!" "Oh no," I said. "I wouldn't dream of it." 5. She did not seem nearly as perturbed as she should have been, I thought. 6. He had promised for the twentieth time that if their mar­riage were not a success, she should be as free as if she had never married him! 7. He was going to get the company to run excursion trains. He didn't see why it shouldn't become another Margate. And why shouldn't they have a mayor? Feme Bay had one. 8. When called to shoulder our country's burdens, we should do it with a glancing eye and a leaping heart. 9. The man was her enemy. She should not have depended upon Bert. 10. "How much time do you have?" he asked. "I mean when do you have to be back home?" — "I should be there now."

 

Exercise 17. Use should or would.

1. Then we _____ talk of agents and of the of­fers they _____ obtained for us. 2. I wanted her to stay at home and rest this morning, but she _____ come with us; she longed so much to see you all. 3. A person who has once been guilty of a dishonest and dishonourable action may be guilty of it a second time, and_____ be shunned. 4. Arthur plunged into the wood. He _____ not leave them time to breath. 5. We _____ look for knowledge where we may find it, and why_____ a man be despised who goes in search of it? 6. I beg your pardon, Jenny. I didn't mean to say that. I _____ have remembered you were fond of him! 7. I fail to see how or why you _____ be a millstone round his neck. 8. Margot said hastily, "I'm sorry. Perhaps I _____ not have asked." — "No, no! I was just remembering sudden­ly. Anyway it is over now. But I will tell you if you wish." 9. In the evenings he _____ read to her (and to Charlotte) until nine o'clock, and then he _____ stay one step behind her as they mounted the stairs. 10. I'd like you to have a look at my car _____ you try and find out what's wrong? 11. Charlotte _____ have been — but was not grateful to Ben.

 

Exercise 18. Complete the following sentences.

1. Would you like….? 2. I will ask you.... 3. Will you help....? 4. Shall I give you....? 5. Shall I switch of f....? 6. Will you please…. 7. The child is naughty. He shall.... 8. What shall I do? 9. Will you tell her...? 10. I think I will.... 11. Will you have....? 12. On fine days they would…. 13. I won't deny that….

 

Exercise 19. Complete the sentences using the modal verbs shall, should, will (would).

1. On fine evenings they…. 2. It is stuffy in the room…. 3. Your suitcase is too heavy…. 4. Your boy is teasing the other children.... 5. I am not at a loss…. 6. "Oh, no," she replied with firmness, "…." 7. If you disobey…. 8. He was very polite and whenever he wanted something he addressed even his best friends saying.... 9. The child has broken the cup.... 10. When my friends came to see me…. 11. I've left my um­brella at home and got wet to the bone…..

 

Exercise 20. Read the situations and write sentences with should (shouldn't) have or ought to (ought not to) have. Example: He had a test this morning. — He didn't do it well. He should have studied more last night.

1. She didn't take a taxi. She was late for the wedding. 2.1 didn't eat at home. Now I'm hungry. 3. She bought a TV set last month. Now she regrets doing that. Her children watch it day arid night. 4. He signed a contract without reading it thoroughly. Now he has discovered that he has no right to make any amendments there. 5. Mary sold her house. That was a mistake because now she spends a lot of money to rent an apartment. 6.1 enjoyed the party last night a lot. Why didn't you come? 7, The driver in front of me stopped suddenly and I smashed into the back of his car. It was not my fault. 8. The boy went out without the doctor's permission Now he is much worse. 9. When we arrived at the hotel there were no free rooms. We hadn't reserved one. 10. It was not a good idea for Tom and Mary to get married. Now they quarrel all days long.

 

Exercise 21. Choose the right variant.

1. "They___an excellent vacancy last week. You ___an opportunity of getting it," he reproached me.

a) had, mustn't miss b) have had, might not have missed it c) had, shouldn't have missed d) were having, couldn't miss

2. He had to earn___living at___an early age,___?

a) ___, such, hadn't he b) his, such, didn't he c) himself, so, hadn't he d) to, so, didn't he

3. We___a camera because we never___a chance to use it.

a) might not have taken, had b) should not have taken, have had c) needn't have taken, had

d) mustn't have taken, had had

4. The line is busy; somebody___on the telephone now.

a) should be speaking b) should have been speaking c) must be speaking d) can't be speaking

5. You___this! See how___she is.

a) ought not to say, distressing b) ought not to have said, distressed c) won't be able to say, distressing d) cannot have said, distressed

6. He says that nothing___, because it is too___. But I don't believe a single word___; they___us.

a) should do, lately, of him, mustn't have failed b) can't be done, late, of his, oughtn't fail

c) mustn't be done, lately, of him, shouldn't have failed d) can be done, late, of his, can't have failed

7. I managed to come here at half past six. But I___. They___.

a) needn't have hurried, had already left b) needn't hurry, have already left c) mustn't have hurried, had already left d) shouldn't hurry, have already left

8. If she doesn't take care of___, she___have a nervous breakdown and___to hospital.

a) hers, may, should go b) her, can, need to go c) herself, may, may have to go d) herself, must, must go

9. He___his wallet himself, it___.

a) might lose, couldn't be stolen b) may have lost, can't have been stolen c) could have lost, must not have been stolen d) ought to lose, shouldn't be stolen

10. You___a message at least! We___for two hours.

a) should send, waited b) must have sent, were waiting c) could send, have been waiting d) might have sent, had been waiting

11. The only trouble is that I___my exams in spring and___them now.

a) couldn't have taken, must have b) couldn't take, must have c) mustn't have taken, must have had d) can't take, must have had

12. The plane___at 5 a.m. and in this hurry-scurry she___the tickets on the table.

a) had to take off, can leave b) was to take off, must have left c) was to take off, needn't leave

d) must have taken off, shouldn't leave

13. Why___he take the scandal on himself? It is not

a) must, fairly b) may, fair c) should, fair d) could, fairly

14. You___to him. His information is___.

a) shouldn't listen, misled b) needn't have listened, misleading c) can't have listened, misled

d) mustn't have listened, misleading

15. It is not worth___ to___bed if he___at five.

a) to go,___, have to get up b) going, the, must have got up c) to have gone, the, is to get up

d) going,___, doesn't have to get up

16. They have made me___that I___selfish about it.

a) think, may have been b) to think, must be c) thinking, might have been d) thought, should have been

17. It___late when I___home; there were no people in the street.

a) must have been, was going back b) must be, am going c) can't have been, was going d) could not have been, went

18. You___worry, you___always rely on me in this matter.

a) must not, need b) need not, may c) can, need not d) should, must

19. You___this device. It___dangerous.

a) couldn't have touched, may be b) must not touch, may be c) shouldn't have touched, ought to be d) needn't touch, must have been

20. I___my job. I___you before.

a) needn't have put off, should ask b) shouldn't have put off, need to ask c) needn't have put off, should have asked d) shouldn't put off, should ask