Talk about them.11. Look at the words below. Try to recall exactly how these were used in the text: •pathogenic microbes •beneficial processes •amino acids •polyamides •high-value medical application •domestic •contaminant •the digestive system •to promote •treatment
Grammar: Use of I wish / if only: There are three distinct types of I wish / if only sentences: - Wish, wanting change for the present or future with the simple past. -Regret with the past perfect. -Complaints with would + verb.
Expressing a wish: Form: If only / I wish + simple past Example: If only I knew how to use a computer. (I don’t know how to use a computer and I would like to learn how to use it) Use: To express a wish in the present or in the future. The simple past here is an unreal past.
When you use the verb to be the form is “were”. Example: I wish I were a millionaire!
Expressing regret: Form: If only / I wish + past perfect Example: If only I had woken up early. (I didn't wake up early and I missed my bus.) Use: To express a regret. The action is past.
Complaining: Form:I wish / if only + would + verb Example: I wish you wouldn't arrive so late all the time (I'm annoyed because you always come late and I want you to arrive on time) Use: To complain about a behavior that you disapprove. Expressing impatience, annoyance or dissatisfaction with a present action. 12. Change the following sentences using wish or if 1. I don't speak Chinese and I regret that. 2. Tom didn't work hard last year and now he's sorry. 3. The children are shouting and I'd like them to stop. 4. Caroline isn't rich enough to buy an apartment otherwise she would do that. 5. My car broke down on Sunday and I regret that that happened. 6. In your position I think I would have a check-up once a year. 7. It would be better if it stopped raining. 8. I don't have any cake to offer you and I'm sorry about that.
13.Complete these sentences with the correct form of the verb in brackets. Some sentences require a negation and use the contractions in the negative form. 1. Bruce wishes he ___________(have) more money so he could buy a new sweater. Read the text about Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (Антони ванн Левенгук) and other pioneers of microbiology, translate and title it and add the facts you know about these famous scientists. Antonie van Leeuwen-hoek was the first to observe microorganisms using a microscope. In 1676 he observed bacteria and other microorganisms, using a single-lens microscope of his own design. The field of bacteriology was founded in the 19th century by Ferdinand Cohn, a botanist who describes several bacteria. Cohn was also the first to formulate the taxonomic classification of bacteria and discover spores. Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch were contemporaries of Cohn’s and are often considered to be the father of Microbiology and medical microbiology. Pasteur is most famous for his experiments designed to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation. Pasteur also designed methods for food preservation (pasteurization) and vaccines against several diseases such as fowl cholera and rabies. Koch is best known for his contributions to the germ theory of disease, proving that specific diseases were caused by specific pathogenic microorganisms. He developed a series of criteria that have become known as the Koch's postulates. Koch was one of the first scientists to focus on the isolation of bacteria in pure culture resulting in his description of several novel bacteria including Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis. Martinus Beijerinck and Sergei Winogradsky are considered to be the founders of general microbiology. Beijerinck made two major contributions to microbiology: the discovery of viruses and the development of enrichment culture techniques. While his work on the Tobacco Mosaic Virus established the basic principles of virology, it was his development of enrichment culturing that had the most immediate impact on microbiology by allowing for the cultivation of a wide range of microbes. Winogradsky was the first to develop the concept of chemolithotrophy. He was responsible for the first isolation and description of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. 15. Speak on the facts you found in the text. What information was new for you?
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