Treatment of OffendersSentencing. The sentence passed on an offender is entirely a matter for the courts, subject to the maximum penalty enacted by Parliament for each offence. The Government ensures that the courts have available an adequate range of sentences to suite the circumstances of each case and that they are well informed about the purpose and nature of each available sentence. Custody. The Government believes that custody should be a sanction of last resort used only when the gravity of the offence means that there is a positive justification for a custodial sentence, or where the public needs to be protected from a dangerous offender. A magistrates’ court in England and Wales cannot impose a term of more than six months’ imprisonment for each offence tried summarily, but may impose consecutive sentences subject to an overall maximum of 12 months’ imprisonment. As in the rest of Britain there is a mandatory sentence of life imprisonment for murder: this is also the maximum penalty for a number of serious offences such as robbery, rape, arson and manslaughter. The death penalty has been repealed for almost all of offences. It remains on the statute book for the offences of treason, piracy with violence and some other treasonable and mutinous offences. Fines. The most common sentence is a fine, which is imposed in more than 80 per cent of cases. There is no limit to the fine which may be imposed on indictment. Probation. At present in the United Kingdom the number of offenders subject to supervision in the community considerably exceeds the number in custody. The purpose of probation is to protect society by the rehabilitation of the offender, who continues to live a normal life in the community while subject to the supervision of a probation officer. Before placing an offender on probation, which may last from six months to three years, the court must explain the order in ordinary language, ensuring that the offender consents to the requirements of the order and understand that a failure to comply with them will make him or her liable to a penalty or to be dealt with for the original offence. In England and Wales such an order can be made only for offenders aged 17 years or more. The probation service provides and maintains day centers and hostels together with schemes and programmes designed to meet the needs of a broad range of offenders, and, if possible, drawing the community into partnership in responding to offending. Offenders aged 16 or over (17 in Northern Ireland) convicted of imprisonable offences may, with their consent, be given community service orders.
ΙΙ. Answer the questions:
1) How do magistrates courts work in England and Wales on imposing terms? 2) Has the death penalty been repealed in England and Wales? 3) What is the most common sentence in Britain? 4) Is there any limit to the fine? 5)What is purpose of probation? 6) For how long can an offender be placed on probation? 7) At what age can offenders be placed on probation? 8) May offenders aged 16 or 17 convicted of imprisonable offences be given community service orders? ΙΙΙ. Translate from English into Russian.
to pass the sentences; to be entirely the matter for the courts; sanction; justification for a custodial sentence; custody; to impose consecutive sentences; life imprisonment; the death penalty; manslaughter; in summary cases; a term of imprisonment; probation; compensation to the victim.
IV. Choose the correct answer.
1. The sentence passed on an offender is entirely a matter for the courts. yes, its true; press or the party leaders can affect the sentence; the sentence passed on an offender depends on the executive power.
A magistrates’ court in England and Wales cannot impose a term of more than six months’ imprisonment for each offence. a magistrates’ court in England and Wales can impose a term of three years. a magistrates’ court in England and Wales can impose a term of twelve months in case these are consecutive sentences. a magistrates’ court in England and Wales can impose a term of only three months.
3. As well as in the rest of Britain there is a mandatory sentence of life imprisonment for murder. a) yes, its true, besides, this is also the maximum penalty for a number of serious offences; b) no, life imprisonment is sentenced for theft and hooliganism; c) there is no life imprisonment in England at all.
4. The death penalty has been repealed for almost all offences. a) it is not true; it has not been repealed for rape; b) more than 150 people are sentenced to the death penalty in England every year. c) the death penalty remains on the statute book for the offences of treason and a number of the offences; it has, however, not been used since 1946.
5. The purpose of probation is to protect society by the rehabilitation of the offender, who continues to live a normal life in the community while subject to the supervision of a probation officer. a) probation may last from a month to the three months; b) probation may be ensured without the offender’s consent; c) probation may last from six month to the three years, the court must explain the order in ordinary language, ensuring that the offender consents to the requirements of the order.
Тема 19. Тюремное заключение Цель: совершенствование профессиональных умений в данной сфере. Задачи: - совершенствовать навыки устной речи, - обучать детальному пересказу текста, - пополнять детальные знания путем изучения литературы по данной тематике. Студент должен знать: - терминологию лексической темы «Тюремное заключение», - словообразовательные модели глаголов. Студент должен уметь: - воспринимать языковые средства и их точное понимание в тексте, - оперировать различными видами речевой деятельности, - продуцировать подготовленное высказывание по проблеме профессионального общения.
Тема 19.1. История исправительных учреждений.
Study the words and the word-combinations
Imprisonment - тюремное заключение; primarily - главным образом; confinement - лишение свободы, заключение под стражу; convicted person - осужденный; transportation - транспортация (ссылать за моря как вид уголовного наказания); abolition - отмена; concern - забота, беспокойство; diminish - уменьшаться; compound – усугублять; predominantly - главным образом; in custody - содержащийся под стражей; previous conviction - судимость; burglary - ночная кража со взломом; robbery - грабеж с насилием или разбой.
I. Scan through the text. Restore the word order in the questions that follow and answer them.
Prisons The idea of imprisonment as a form of punishment is relatively modern. Until the late 18th century, prisons were used primarily for the confinement of debtors who could not pay, of accused persons waiting to be tried, and of those convicted persons waiting for their sentences—death or transportation. Since the late 18th century, with the decline of capital punishment (death penalty), the prison has come to be used also as a place of punishment. With the abolition of transportation, the prison has become the principal sanction for most serious crimes. Concern over prison conditions has not diminished over the years. Problems of security and the protection of prisoners from violence on the part of other prisoners have been compounded by the difficulties arising from overcrowding, as prison populations in most countries continue to grow. The people who make up the populations of most prison systems have many characteristics in common. The populations of most prison systems are predominantly male—in England males outnumber females by 28 to 1 (although the number of women in prison is rising at a higher rate than the number of men)—and relatively young—nearly 70 percent of those in custody are under the age of 30. [To be in custody means to be kept in prison by the police until you go to court, because the police think you are guilty.] Most offenders in prison have a number of previous convictions; the offenses they have committed are most commonly burglary, theft, violence, or robbery. A similar picture is revealed by U.S. statistics; the most common offenses for which prisoners are in custody are burglary and robbery. [Burglary is the crime of getting into a building to steal things. Violence is behaviour that is intended to hurt other people physically. Robbery is the crime of stealing things from a bank, shop etc, especially using violence.]
1) What prisons were used primarily for until the late 18th century? 2) Why the prison has come to be used as a place of punishment? 3) When the prison has become the principal sanction for most serious crimes? 4) What not diminished over the years has? 5) What have problems come into being as prison populations in most countries continue to grow? 6) What make people up the populations of most prison systems? 7) What the most common offenses for which prisoners are are in custody?
II. Agree or disagree with the following statements.
1) The idea of imprisonment as a form of punishment is old. 2) Prisons were used for the confinement of debtors who didn’t want to pay. 3) Prisons were used for the confinement of accused persons waiting to be freed. 4) Prisons were a deterrent to innocent persons. 5) With the abolition of death penalty, the prison has come to be used as a place of punishment. 6) With the decline of transportation, the prison has become the principal sanction for most serious crimes. 7) Concern over prison conditions includes the protection of prisoners from violence on the part of warders and prisoners of conscience. 8) Concern over prison conditions includes the difficulties arising from overcrowding of mass and solitary cells. 9) Prison populations cease to grow. 10) Prison populations are predominantly female and relatively old.
III. Restore the word order in the following statements.
1) The idea is of imprisonment as a form of punishment relatively modern. 2) Prisons used were for the confinement of debtors who could not pay. 3) Prisons were for the confinement of accused persons waiting to be tried used. 4) Prisons for the confinement of those convicted persons waiting for their sentences were used. 5) With the decline of death penalty, the prison a place of punishment has come to be used as. 6) With the abolition of transportation, the prison the principal sanction for most serious crimes has become. 7) Concern over prison conditions the protection of prisoners from violence on the part of other prisoners includes. 8) Concern over prison conditions the difficulties arising from overcrowding includes. 9) Prison populations to continue grow. 10) Prison populations predominantly male and relatively young are.
IV. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English.
Тюремное заключение; тюремный надзиратель; содержащийся под стражей; лишение свободы; осужденный; обвиняемый; транспортация; камера одиночного заключения; приговор; должник; судимость; ночная кража со взломом; грабеж с насилием или разбой; санкция; население; узник совести; правонарушение; безопасность; защита; насилие; продолжаться; виновный; общая камера.
V. Complete the following statements.
1) The idea of imprisonment as a form of punishment is … 2) Prisons were used for … 3) With the decline of death penalty, the prison has come to be … 4) With the abolition of transportation, the prison has become … 5) Concern over prison conditions includes … 6) Prison populations continue … 7) Prison populations are …
VI. Choose one topic to speak about a) prison as a place of confinement; b) prison as a place of punishment; c) prison conditions; d) prison populations. Retell the text Prisons.
Тема 19.2. Тюрьма и ее разновидности.
Study the words and the word-combinations
Serve a sentence - отбывать наказание; long sentence - длительный срок лишения свободы; short sentence - краткий срок лишения свободы; detain - содержать под стражей; security - режим в тюрьме; maximum-security prison - тюрьма с максимальной изоляцией заключенных; strict / high security - строгий режим; medium security - режим средней строгости; minimum security - общий режим; likely - склонный; escape - побег; constitute - составлять; confine - держать взаперти; open prison - тюрьма открытого типа (неохраняемая); abscond - скрываться от правосудия; treatment - исправление преступников; detention centre - центр для содержания под стражей задержанных правонарушителей, discipline - дисциплина.
I. Scan through the text. Work in pairs to question the text and to give answers. Types of prisons.
Prisons are classified administratively as local or central prisons. Local prisons serve a variety of purposes—holding prisoners awaiting trial or sentencing and prisoners serving shorter sentences, up to about 18 months. There the worst overcrowding occurs. Prisoners serving longer sentences are detained in central prisons. Central prisons are large maximum-security prisons holding more than 1,000 offenders in conditions of strict security. For security, prisoners are classified into four categories, from A (prisoners likely to attempt escape, and constituting, if successful, a significant danger to the public) to D (prisoners who can be trusted to work in conditions of minimal security). Prisoners who are not considered a danger to the community may be confined in low-security or open prisons, where there is normally no obstacle to a prisoner's absconding. Women are normally held in separate institutions. Young people who have done something illegal are kept in detention centres because they are too young to go to prison. The purpose of these institutions is rather treatment or correction than punishment. Detention centres for young offenders serving sentences that must not exceed four months are based on the principle of strict discipline and physical activity; research has failed to show, however, that it is an effective deterrent to further crime.
II. Agree or disagree with the following statements.
1) Prisons are classified administratively as rural or municipal prisons. 2) Local prisons hold prisoners awaiting their release from prison. 3) Local prisons hold prisoners serving longer sentences. 4) The worst overcrowding occurs in and characterizes central prisons. 5) Prisoners serving shorter sentences are detained in central prisons. 6) Central prisons are open prisons. 7) Central prisons hold prisoners in conditions of low security. 8) Prisoners who are likely to attempt escape, and constituting, if successful, a significant danger to the public must be confined in low-security prisons. 9) Prisoners who are not considered a danger to the community may be confined in high-security prisons. 10) There are normally some obstacles to a prisoner's absconding in open prisons. 11) Females are normally held together with males. 12) Young offenders are kept in large maximum-security prisons. 13) Young offenders must not go to prison. 14) The purpose of detention centres is rather punishment than treatment. 15) Young offenders are to serve sentences that must not exceed twelve months. 16) Detention centres are based on the principle of permissiveness and mental activity. 17) Detention centres are an effective deterrent to further crime.
III. Restore the word order in the following statements.
1) Prisons classified administratively as local or central prisons are. 2) Local prisons prisoners awaiting trial or sentencing hold. 3) Local prisons prisoners serving shorter sentences hold. 4) The worst overcrowding and characterizes local prisons occurs in. 5) Prisoners serving longer sentences in central prisons are detained. 6) Central prisons large maximum-security prisons are. 7) Central prisons prisoners in conditions of strict security hold. 8) Prisoners who are likely to attempt escape, and constituting, if successful, a significant danger to the public in high-security prisons must be confined. 9) Prisoners who are not considered a danger to the community in low-security prisons may be confined. 10) There normally no obstacle to a prisoner's absconding in open prisons is. 11) Women normally held in separate institutions are. 12) Young offenders are in detention centres kept. 13) Young offenders too young to go to prison are. 14) The purpose of detention centres rather treatment than punishment is. 15) Young offenders to serve sentences that must not are exceed four months. 16) Detention centres the principle of strict discipline and physical activity are based on. 17) Detention centres not an effective deterrent to further crime are.
IV. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English.
Режим в тюрьме; задержание; тюрьма с максимальной изоляцией заключенных; режим средней строгости; сельский; общий режим; содержать под стражей; держать взаперти; неохраняемая тюрьма; скрываться от правосудия; строгий режим; незаконный; исправление преступников; побег; городской; центр для содержания под стражей задержанных правонарушителей; отбывать наказание; поведение, не представляющее опасности; освобождение из тюрьмы; вседозволенность.
V. Complete the following statements.
1) Prisons are classified administratively as … 2) Local prisons hold prisoners awaiting … 3) Local prisons hold prisoners serving … 4) The worst overcrowding occurs in and characterizes … 5) Prisoners serving longer sentences are detained in … 6) Central prisons are … 7) Central prisons hold prisoners in conditions of … 8) Prisoners who are likely … must be confined in … 9) Prisoners who are not considered a danger to the community may be confined in … 10) There is normally no obstacle to … in open prisons. 11) Women are held in … 12) Young offenders are kept in … 13) Young offenders are too young to go … 14) The purpose of detention centres is … 15) Young offenders are to serve … 16) Detention centres are based on … 17) Detention centres are not …
VI. Choose one topic to speak about a) local prisons; b) central prisons; c) dangerous prisoners; d) prisoners of safe conduct; e) detention centres.
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