The secrets of hairdressing art

Unit 1

Read the following text and do the activities that follow it.

The secrets of hairdressing art

Hairdressingis theart of arranging the hair or otherwise modifying its natural state. Closely related to headgear, hairdressing has been an important part of the dress of both men and women since antiquity and, like dress, serves a number of functions.

Almost all societies have found it necessary to cut or confine the hair in order to keep it out of the way. They further arranged their hair to fulfill man's basic desire for personal adornment, which may vary in form from the ornately curled, blond wigs of Roman matrons to the sleek shine heads of flappers in the 1920's. One extremely important function of hair styling, especially in traditional preindustrial societies, is to indicate status. Primitive men, for example, fastened bones, feathers, and other objects in their hair to impress the lowly and frighten the enemy with their rank and prowess. Noble rank among the ancient Gauls was indicated by long hair, which Caesar made them cut off as a sign of sub mission when he conquered them. The occupational associations of hair are exemplified by the gray wig of a British barrister and the lacquered, black wig of a Japanese geisha.

The religious significance of hair is seen in the shaved heads of Christian and Buddhist monks, indicating renunciation of the world, and in the single long lock on the shaved heads of Muslim men, by which, they believed, Allah would pull them up to heaven. In 17th century England, both politics and religion were professed by the long curling locks of the Royalist Anglican Cavaliers and the cropped hair of the Parliamentarian Puritan Roundheads.

Hair arrangement could also proclaim age and marital status. Boys in ancient Greece cut their hair, and Hindu boys shaved their heads when they reached adolescence. In medieval Europe maidens wore uncovered flowing hair, while matrons bound theirs under veils. As a sign of mourning the ancient Egyptians, whose heads were usually shaven, grown hair, and long haired Hindu widows cut off their hair.

From the late Middle Ages, hairstyles in the West have been greatly influenced by changing fashion. In the 17th century, for example, courtiers followed the lead of the balding Louis XIV, who wore a wig. In the 20th century women of all classes eagerly followed the example of film stars with such styles as the platinum hair of Jean Harlow.

Until the 20th century, fashionable hairstyles generally were limited to the upper classes, and the dictates of fashion were relatively rigid. Today, with the general increase in wealth, the improvement in mass communication, and the trend toward informality and individualism, women (and men) in all classes can choose the style and colour of their own hair, or of a wig, that best suit their needs and tastes.

 

Vocabulary

hairdressing [′hDB"dresiE] перукарська справа

to arrange [B′reindF] приводити до ладу (волосся)

to confine [kBn′fain] обмежувати

adornment [B′dC:nment] прикраса

to vary [′vDBri] змінювати, відрізнятися

to indicate [′indikeit] вказувати, свідчити

to exemplify [ig′zemplifai] бути прикладом

lacquered [′lWkBd] лакований

renunciation [ri"nHnsi′eiGBn] відмова, (само)зречення

sign [sain] знак, позначка, ознака

ancient [′einGBnt] античний, стародавній

court [′kC:t] двір