1) However, aspirin is also associated with bleeding. Patients are often asked to stop taking aspirin before bronchoscopy, to reduce the risk of bleeding. The effectiveness of this practice has never been tested.
2) Thus, we sought to determine whether aspirin really does increase the risk of bleeding after bronchoscopy.
3) In this trial, we compared the number and severity of bleeding events in those taking aspirin with those who were not and determined that aspirin does not increase the risk of bleeding.
4) In patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease, aspirin is recommended to prevent myocardial infarction and graft occlusion.
C) Consider the following “skeletal” examples of opening statements and fill in the gaps with the statements below the table:
| Statements
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A) Establishing the importance of the topic:
- One of the most significant current discussions X is ……
- The development of …… is a classic problem in ……
- The …… has become a favorite topic for analysis ……
- It is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the ……
- X is the leading cause of ……
- In the new global economy, X has become a central issue for ……
- In the history of development economics, X has been thought of as a key factor in ……
- Xs are one of the most widely used groups ……
- X is a major problem, and the cause ……
- X is an increasingly important area in ……
- Central to the entire discipline of X is the concept of ……
- ……
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B) Establishing the importance of the topic (time frame given):
- Recent developments in X have heightened the need for ……
- In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in ……
- Recent developments in the field of X have led to a renewed interest in ……
- Recently, researchers have shown an increased interest in ……
- The past decade has seen the rapid development of X in many ……
- The past thirty years have seen increasingly rapid advances in the field of ……
- Over the past century there has been a dramatic increase in ……
- One of the most important events of the 1970s was ……
- Traditionally, Xs have subscribed to the belief that ……
- X proved an important literary genre in the early Y community.
- The changes experienced by Xs over the past decade remain unprecedented.
- ……
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C) Highlighting a problem in the field of study:
- However, these rapid changes are having a serious effect ……
- However, a major problem with this kind of application is ……
- Lack of X has existed as a health problem for many years.
- Despite its safety and efficacy, X suffers from several major drawbacks:
- However, research has consistently shown that first year students have not attained an adequate understanding of ……
- There is increasing concern that some Xs are being disadvantaged ……
- Despite its long clinical success, X has a number of problems in use.
- ……
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D) Highlighting a controversy in the field of study:
- To date there has been little agreement on what ……
- More recently, literature has emerged that offers contradictory findings about ……
- One observer has already drawn attention to the paradox in ……
- In many Xs a debate is taking place between Ys and Zs concerning ……
- Debate continues about the best strategies for the management of ……
- This concept has recently been challenged by ……. studies demonstrating …….
- One of the most significant current discussions in legal and moral philosophy is ……
- One observer has already drawn attention to the paradox in ……
- In many Xs a debate is taking place between Ys and Zs concerning ……
- The controversy about scientific evidence for X has raged unabated for over a century.
- Questions have been raised about the safety of prolonged use of ……
- The issue of X has been a controversial and much disputed subject within the field of ……
- The issue has grown in importance in light of recent ……
- One major theoretical issue that has dominated the field for many years concerns ……
- One major issue in early X research concerned ……
- ……
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E) Highlighting a knowledge gap in the field of study (for research):
- So far, however, there has been little discussion about ……
- However, far too little attention has been paid to ……
- Most studies in X have only been carried out in a small number of areas.
- The research to date has tended to focus on X rather than Y.
- In addition, no research has been found that surveyed ……
- So far this method has only been applied to ……
- Several studies have produced estimates of X (Smith, 2002; Jones, 2003), but there is still insufficient data for ……
- However, there have been no controlled studies which compare differences in ……
- However, there is no reliable evidence that ……
- X’s analysis does not take account of …… nor does he examine ……
- ……
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F) Focus, aim, argument:
- This paper will focus on/examine/give an account of ……
- This paper seeks to remedy these problems by analyzing the literature of ……
- The objectives of this research are to determine whether ……
- This paper seeks to address the following questions:
- This paper critically examines/discusses/traces ……
- The purpose of this paper is to review recent research into the ……
- This paper will review the research conducted on ……
- This chapter reviews the literature concerning the usefulness of using ……
- The aim of this paper is to determine/examine ……
- The aim of this study was to evaluate and validate ……
- In the pages that follow, it will be argued that ……
- ……
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G) Outline of structure:
- The main questions/issues addressed in this paper are: a), b and c).
- This paper has been divided into four parts. The first part deals with ……
- The article has been organized in the following way.
- This paper first gives a brief overview of the recent history of X.
- This paper begins by …… It will then go on to ……
- The first section of this paper will examine ……
- …… begins by laying out the theoretical dimensions of the research, and looks at how ……
- ...... describes the design, synthesis, characterization and evaluation of......
- Finally, ……
- ……
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H) Explaining Keywords
- While a variety of definitions of the term X have been suggested, this paper will use the definition first suggested by Smith (1968) who saw it as ……
- Throughout this paper the term X will refer to/will be used to refer to……
- ……
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- This paper attempts to show that ……
- Questions have been raised about the safety of prolonged use of ……
- Xs are one of the most widely used groups of antibacterial agents and have been extensively used for decades to ……
- In this article the acronym/abbreviation XYZ will be used.
- X is at the heart of our understanding of ……
- This paper reviews the evidence for ……
- The controversy about scientific evidence for X has raged unabated for over a century.
- The experimental data are rather controversial, and there is no general agreement about ……
D) Find a recent journal from your field of science and look at the introductions of at least five articles. Choose one of them and consider: its purposes, structure, which opening statements are used. Discuss this introduction with your partner.
