Table of Contents 3 страница10.1.3 Type parameters...................................................................................................................... 271 10.1.4 Class base specification............................................................................................................ 272 10.1.4.1 Base classes...................................................................................................................... 272 10.1.4.2 Interface implementations................................................................................................... 274 10.1.5 Type parameter constraints...................................................................................................... 274 10.1.6 Class body............................................................................................................................... 278 10.2 Partial types................................................................................................................................... 278 10.2.1 Attributes................................................................................................................................ 278 10.2.2 Modifiers................................................................................................................................. 279 10.2.3 Type parameters and constraints............................................................................................... 279 10.2.4 Base class............................................................................................................................... 280 10.2.5 Base interfaces........................................................................................................................ 280 10.2.6 Members................................................................................................................................. 280 10.2.7 Partial methods........................................................................................................................ 281 10.2.8 Name binding.......................................................................................................................... 283 10.3 Class members.............................................................................................................................. 283 10.3.1 The instance type..................................................................................................................... 285 10.3.2 Members of constructed types.................................................................................................. 285 10.3.3 Inheritance.............................................................................................................................. 286 10.3.4 The new modifier..................................................................................................................... 287 10.3.5 Access modifiers..................................................................................................................... 287 10.3.6 Constituent types..................................................................................................................... 287 10.3.7 Static and instance members..................................................................................................... 287 10.3.8 Nested types........................................................................................................................... 288 10.3.8.1 Fully qualified name........................................................................................................... 289 10.3.8.2 Declared accessibility......................................................................................................... 289 10.3.8.3 Hiding............................................................................................................................... 289 10.3.8.4 this access......................................................................................................................... 290 10.3.8.5 Access to private and protected members of the containing type........................................... 290 10.3.8.6 Nested types in generic classes........................................................................................... 291 10.3.9 Reserved member names......................................................................................................... 292 10.3.9.1 Member names reserved for properties............................................................................... 292 10.3.9.2 Member names reserved for events.................................................................................... 293 10.3.9.3 Member names reserved for indexers................................................................................. 293 10.3.9.4 Member names reserved for destructors............................................................................. 293 10.4 Constants...................................................................................................................................... 293 10.5 Fields............................................................................................................................................ 295 10.5.1 Static and instance fields.......................................................................................................... 296 10.5.2 Readonly fields........................................................................................................................ 297 10.5.2.1 Using static readonly fields for constants............................................................................. 297 10.5.2.2 Versioning of constants and static readonly fields................................................................. 298 10.5.3 Volatile fields........................................................................................................................... 298 10.5.4 Field initialization...................................................................................................................... 299 10.5.5 Variable initializers................................................................................................................... 300 10.5.5.1 Static field initialization....................................................................................................... 301 10.5.5.2 Instance field initialization................................................................................................... 302 10.6 Methods........................................................................................................................................ 302 10.6.1 Method parameters.................................................................................................................. 304 10.6.1.1 Value parameters.............................................................................................................. 306 10.6.1.2 Reference parameters........................................................................................................ 306 10.6.1.3 Output parameters............................................................................................................. 307 10.6.1.4 Parameter arrays............................................................................................................... 308 10.6.2 Static and instance methods...................................................................................................... 310 10.6.3 Virtual methods....................................................................................................................... 310 10.6.4 Override methods.................................................................................................................... 312 10.6.5 Sealed methods........................................................................................................................ 314 10.6.6 Abstract methods..................................................................................................................... 315 10.6.7 External methods..................................................................................................................... 316 10.6.8 Partial methods........................................................................................................................ 317 10.6.9 Extension methods................................................................................................................... 317 10.6.10 Method body.......................................................................................................................... 318 10.6.11 Method overloading................................................................................................................ 318 10.7 Properties...................................................................................................................................... 318 10.7.1 Static and instance properties.................................................................................................... 320 10.7.2 Accessors............................................................................................................................... 320 10.7.3 Automatically implemented properties....................................................................................... 325 10.7.4 Accessibility............................................................................................................................ 325 10.7.5 Virtual, sealed, override, and abstract accessors......................................................................... 327 10.8 Events........................................................................................................................................... 328 10.8.1 Field-like events....................................................................................................................... 330 10.8.2 Event accessors....................................................................................................................... 332 10.8.3 Static and instance events......................................................................................................... 333 10.8.4 Virtual, sealed, override, and abstract accessors......................................................................... 333 10.9 Indexers........................................................................................................................................ 333 10.9.1 Indexer overloading.................................................................................................................. 337 10.10 Operators.................................................................................................................................... 337 10.10.1 Unary operators..................................................................................................................... 339 10.10.2 Binary operators.................................................................................................................... 339 10.10.3 Conversion operators.............................................................................................................. 340 10.11 Instance constructors.................................................................................................................... 342 10.11.1 Constructor initializers............................................................................................................ 343 10.11.2 Instance variable initializers..................................................................................................... 344 10.11.3 Constructor execution............................................................................................................. 344 10.11.4 Default constructors............................................................................................................... 346 10.11.5 Private constructors............................................................................................................... 346 10.11.6 Optional instance constructor parameters................................................................................. 347 10.12 Static constructors........................................................................................................................ 347 10.13 Destructors.................................................................................................................................. 349 10.14 Iterators....................................................................................................................................... 351 10.14.1 Enumerator interfaces............................................................................................................ 351 10.14.2 Enumerable interfaces............................................................................................................ 351 10.14.3 Yield type.............................................................................................................................. 351 10.14.4 Enumerator objects................................................................................................................ 351 10.14.4.1 The MoveNext method..................................................................................................... 352 10.14.4.2 The Current property........................................................................................................ 353 10.14.4.3 The Dispose method......................................................................................................... 353 10.14.5 Enumerable objects................................................................................................................ 353 10.14.5.1 The GetEnumerator method.............................................................................................. 354 10.14.6 Implementation example......................................................................................................... 354 11. Structs............................................................................................................................................. 361 11.1 Struct declarations.......................................................................................................................... 361 11.1.1 Struct modifiers....................................................................................................................... 361 11.1.2 Partial modifier........................................................................................................................ 362 11.1.3 Struct interfaces...................................................................................................................... 362 11.1.4 Struct body.............................................................................................................................. 362 11.2 Struct members.............................................................................................................................. 362 11.3 Class and struct differences............................................................................................................ 362 11.3.1 Value semantics...................................................................................................................... 363 11.3.2 Inheritance.............................................................................................................................. 364 11.3.3 Assignment............................................................................................................................. 364 11.3.4 Default values......................................................................................................................... 364 11.3.5 Boxing and unboxing................................................................................................................ 365 11.3.6 Meaning of this........................................................................................................................ 366 11.3.7 Field initializers........................................................................................................................ 366 11.3.8 Constructors............................................................................................................................ 367 11.3.9 Destructors............................................................................................................................. 368 11.3.10 Static constructors.................................................................................................................. 368 11.4 Struct examples............................................................................................................................. 368 11.4.1 Database integer type.............................................................................................................. 368 11.4.2 Database boolean type............................................................................................................. 370 12. Arrays.............................................................................................................................................. 373 12.1 Array types................................................................................................................................... 373 12.1.1 The System.Array type............................................................................................................ 374 12.1.2 Arrays and the generic IList interface....................................................................................... 374 12.2 Array creation............................................................................................................................... 374 12.3 Array element access..................................................................................................................... 375 12.4 Array members.............................................................................................................................. 375 12.5 Array covariance........................................................................................................................... 375 12.6 Array initializers............................................................................................................................. 375 13. Interfaces........................................................................................................................................ 379 13.1 Interface declarations..................................................................................................................... 379 13.1.1 Interface modifiers................................................................................................................... 379 13.1.2 Partial modifier........................................................................................................................ 379 13.1.3 Variant type parameter lists...................................................................................................... 380 13.1.3.1 Variance safety................................................................................................................. 380 13.1.3.2 Variance conversion.......................................................................................................... 381 13.1.4 Base interfaces........................................................................................................................ 381 13.1.5 Interface body......................................................................................................................... 382 13.2 Interface members......................................................................................................................... 382 13.2.1 Interface methods.................................................................................................................... 383 13.2.2 Interface properties.................................................................................................................. 383 13.2.3 Interface events....................................................................................................................... 384 13.2.4 Interface indexers.................................................................................................................... 384 13.2.5 Interface member access......................................................................................................... 384 13.3 Fully qualified interface member names........................................................................................... 386 13.4 Interface implementations............................................................................................................... 386 13.4.1 Explicit interface member implementations................................................................................ 387 13.4.2 Uniqueness of implemented interfaces....................................................................................... 389 13.4.3 Implementation of generic methods........................................................................................... 390 13.4.4 Interface mapping.................................................................................................................... 391 13.4.5 Interface implementation inheritance......................................................................................... 394 13.4.6 Interface re-implementation...................................................................................................... 395 13.4.7 Abstract classes and interfaces................................................................................................. 396 14. Enums............................................................................................................................................. 399 14.1 Enum declarations.......................................................................................................................... 399 14.2 Enum modifiers.............................................................................................................................. 399 14.3 Enum members.............................................................................................................................. 400 14.4 The System.Enum type................................................................................................................... 402 14.5 Enum values and operations............................................................................................................ 402 15. Delegates........................................................................................................................................ 403 15.1 Delegate declarations..................................................................................................................... 403 15.2 Delegate compatibility.................................................................................................................... 405 15.3 Delegate instantiation..................................................................................................................... 405 15.4 Delegate invocation........................................................................................................................ 406 16. Exceptions...................................................................................................................................... 409 16.1 Causes of exceptions...................................................................................................................... 409 16.2 The System.Exception class............................................................................................................ 409 16.3 How exceptions are handled........................................................................................................... 409 16.4 Common Exception Classes............................................................................................................ 410 17. Attributes........................................................................................................................................ 411 17.1 Attribute classes............................................................................................................................ 411 17.1.1 Attribute usage........................................................................................................................ 411 17.1.2 Positional and named parameters.............................................................................................. 412 17.1.3 Attribute parameter types......................................................................................................... 413 17.2 Attribute specification..................................................................................................................... 413 17.3 Attribute instances......................................................................................................................... 418 17.3.1 Compilation of an attribute........................................................................................................ 418 17.3.2 Run-time retrieval of an attribute instance.................................................................................. 419 17.4 Reserved attributes........................................................................................................................ 419 17.4.1 The AttributeUsage attribute.................................................................................................... 419 17.4.2 The Conditional attribute........................................................................................................... 420 17.4.2.1 Conditional methods........................................................................................................... 420 17.4.2.2 Conditional attribute classes................................................................................................ 422 17.4.3 The Obsolete attribute.............................................................................................................. 423 17.5 Attributes for Interoperation............................................................................................................ 424 17.5.1 Interoperation with COM and Win32 components...................................................................... 424 17.5.2 Interoperation with other.NET languages.................................................................................. 425 17.5.2.1 The IndexerName attribute................................................................................................. 425 18. Unsafe code..................................................................................................................................... 427 18.1 Unsafe contexts............................................................................................................................. 427 18.2 Pointer types.................................................................................................................................. 429 18.3 Fixed and moveable variables.......................................................................................................... 432 18.4 Pointer conversions........................................................................................................................ 432 18.4.1 Pointer arrays.......................................................................................................................... 433 18.5 Pointers in expressions................................................................................................................... 434 18.5.1 Pointer indirection.................................................................................................................... 435 18.5.2 Pointer member access............................................................................................................ 435
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