Basic notions of the grammatical description: grammatical form, grammatical meaning, paradigm, grammatical categoryThe word as a grammatical unit has its form (grammatical form) and meaning (lexical and grammatical). Grammatical forms of words (word forms) are typically constructed by morphemes added synthetically, or structurals added analytically: Number: book – books, family – families, leaf – leaves. Case: my sister’s children, the title of the book, the students’ papers. Aspect: was drawing – drew, repaired – have repaired – have been repairing. Degrees of comparison: cold – colder – the coldest, difficult – more difficult – the most difficult, less interesting – the least interesting. By grammatical forms we understand variants of a word having the same lexical meaning but differing grammatically. In other words, the grammatical form (grameme) is the total of formal means to render a particular grammatical meaning. There are the following ways of changing grammatical forms of words: · The use of affixes as word changing morphemic elements added to the root of the word: e(s) (the plural of nouns, the possessive of nouns, the 3rd person singular of Present Simple); ing (Present Participle, Gerund); er/est (Comparative and Superlative Degrees); ed (the Past Simple of the Indicative Mood, the Subjunctive Mood, Past Participle). · Sound interchange as the use of different root sounds in grammatical forms of a word, which may be either consonants or vowels (e.g. speak – spoke, crisis – crises, write – wrote, wife – wives, analysis – analyses). · Suppletivity as creating grammatical forms of a word coming from different roots (e.g. far – further, he – him, bad – worst, was – been). · Analytical forms being made up of two components: a notional word used as an unchanged element carrying a lexical meaning and a structural changed grammatically but expressing no lexical meaning (e.g. will be reading, can sing, will be able to translate, would bring, less expensive, the most beautiful). Grammatical forms being on the plane of expression (form) and possessing morphemic features, expressed either syntactically or analytically, convey certain grammatical meanings being on the plane of content (meaning) shaped in morphology as meanings of number, case, degree, voice, tense, etc. The system of grammatical forms of a word is called a paradigm with paradigmatic lines, the elements of which build up typically the so called privative morphological opposition based on a morphological differential feature (synthetical or analytical) present in its strong (marked) member and absent in its weak (unmarked) member. Compare: zero::Ved; zero::shall/willV; zero::Ving. Of minor types is an equipollent opposition (person forms of the verb ‘be’: am – is – are) and a gradual opposition (zero::adjer::adjest). Thus a grammatical paradigm is represented by the opposition of marked and non-marked members specifically connected with paradigmatic relations in order to express number, tense, mood, case, etc. The general grammatical meaning of two or more grammatical forms in a paradigm opposed to each other generates a grammatical category. The evidence is seen in the following examples: the word forms ‘ student, book ’denote singularity, while ‘ books, students ’ denote plurality; as opposed to each other in the paradigmatic series, they have one grammatical meaning, that of number; thus the opposition of grammatical forms makes up the category of number; the word forms ‘ swims, is working ’indicate reference to present including the moment of speaking, whereas ‘ swam, was working ’ indicate reference to past excluding the moment of speaking; and the opposition of grammatical forms in the paradigmatic series having the grammatical meaning of reference to the moment of speaking makes up the category of tense. Taking into account the given assumptions, the grammatical category is defined as a system, expressing a generalized grammatical meaning by means of paradigmatic correlation of grammatical forms, analytical or synthetical, which makes the specific peculiarity of the language. Key words: levels of grammatical description уровни грамматического описания constituent part конституирующая часть grammatical system грамматическая система prescriptive предписывающая без объяснения explanatory объяснительная kernel ядерная theme тема (известная информация) rheme рема (новая информация) informative value информативная значимость speech act речевой акт coherent целостный cohesive связный grammatical formation of utterance грамматическая организация высказывания grammatical structure of language грамматическая структура языка coherent system целостная система morpheme морфема word слово phrase фраза sentence предложение grammatical unit грамматическая единица word form словоформа morphological морфологический categorical features категориальные признаки parts of speech части речи communicative unit коммуникативная единица structural unit структурная единица nominative unit номинативная единица segmental сегментный Morphology Морфология Syntax Синтаксис subject matter предмет изучения paradigm парадигма grammatical structure of language грамматическая структура языка synthetical ситетический analytical аналитический grameme граммема (словоформа с грамматическим значением) inflection инфлексия affixation аффиксация suppletivity суплетивизм grammatical form грамматическая форма grammatical meaning грамматическое значение grammatical category грамматическая категория functional words функциональные слова auxiliary вспомогательный глагол article артикль preposition предлог fixed word order фиксированный порядок слов grammatical relations грамматические отношения Number Число Case Падеж Aspect Вид Degrees of comparison Степени сравнения root of the word корень слова plural множественное число possessive притяжательный падеж 3rd person singular 3 лицо ед. число sound change чередование analytical form аналитическая форма notional word знаменательное слово paradigmatic line парадигматический ряд privative morphological opposition привативная морфологическая оппозиция strong (marked) member сильный\маркированный компонент weak(unmarked)member слабый\немаркированный компонент equipollent opposition эквиполентная оппозиция gradual opposition последовательная оппозиция paradigmatic relations парадигматические отношения tense грамматическое время mood наклонение case падеж singularity единичность plurality множественность reference соотнесенность
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