B. Exercises1. Translate into Russian and comment on the use of the Present Perfect Continuous Tense.
1. He has been running his own business – an auto-repair shop – for 10 years already. 2. We have been working as partners since 1998. 3. How long have you been discussing your partnership agreement? – For two hours. 4. Jack has been working in his father’s business since he left school. 5. Bill Gates is the chief executive officer of Microsoft Corporation. He has been managing the corporate direction for several years already. 6. I have been thinking to form a corporation since my company began to grow. 7. The Toyota Motor Corporation has been manufacturing its cars since 1937. 8. The company has decided to change the management structure. They have been thinking about it for a long time. 9. The price of cigarettes fell sharply when Philip Morris started a price war, and it has been falling ever since. 10. Uncle Charles has been making money ever since he was a boy. He’s enormously rich! 11. You’ve been living in a fool’s paradise, and now you’re busy building yourself a fool’s hell to live in.
2. Use the Present Perfect Continuous instead of the infinitives in brackets.
1. I (to wait) for you for ages. Thank heavens you are here at last. 2. Our firm (to make) biscuits ever since the reign of Charles II. 3.Since I became a shareholder I (to pay) income tax on my share of the company’s profits. 4. We (to run) our business as limited partners for twenty years. 5. Ford Motor Company (to produce) cars since 1903. 6.For two hours now we (to talk) about managerial problems and we haven’t come to any conclusion yet. 7.The firm (to suffer) losses since the death of its owner. 8.The telephone (to ring) for five minutes, why don’t you answer it? 9. Tony (to work) hard since he was elected a corporate officer. 10.The number of sole proprietorships in the U.S. (to increase) steadily for the last 10 years. 11. Your English (to improve) since I started to teach you.
3. Open the brackets using either the Present Continuous Tense or the Present Perfect Tense. Translate the sentences into Russian and explain the use of the tenses. 1. We are thinking about opening an office in Tokyo, so I (to learn) Japanese at evening classes for the last three weeks. 1. Since Peter launched a sole proprietorship he (to receive) good profits. 2. We (to sign) our partnership agreement already. 3. Mr. Jackson as the chief executive officer of Mobile Telecom (to supervise) the activities of the corporation for 5 years already. 4. How long you (to have) your own business? 5. The film company is a reasonable investment. They (to make) five very successful films. 6. Bill (to work) in his office since morning. It’s time to have dinner, but he (not to come) yet. 7. She (to read) this book for three days and (to read) 200 pages already. 8. I never (to be) in France. I (to dream) to visit France ever since I was a girl. 9. Now I (to finish) my work, please have a look at it. 10. I (to fall) in love with John since I first met him. We (to know) each other for a few months.
4. Find in the dialogues (Speech Practice ex. 3) sentences with the Present Perfect Continuous Tense and the Present Perfect Tense and explain the use of these Tenses in each sentence.
UNIT 4 I. TEXT Employees are an important component of every business. More and more companies consider employees their most valuable asset. The specialized function of planning how to obtain employees, oversee their training, evaluate them, and compensate them is now termed human resources management (HRM). It reflects the importance of a well-chosen and well-managed work force in achieving company goals. Every business needs to know whether enough people with the required skills are available in the general work force. Keeping track of the labour market is not easy, because it is undergoing substantial change. Fewer jobs are available today for low-skilled factory employees in traditional “smokestack” industries such as steel manufacturing. However, many of these workers are finding jobs in the booming service sector – although sometimes at lower wages. In the U.S.A. the service sector has created more than 40 million jobs in the last three decades. In contrast, the goods-producing sector has created fewer than 3 million jobs since 1970. Thus services have become an increasingly vital force. Opportunities are available in medical care, retailing and business services such as law, consulting and accounting. In addition, the demand for people with engineering, computer, and other technical skills is mushrooming. Many jobs are expected to experience rapid growth, including home health aides, computer analysts, computer engineers, and special education teachers. Thus, many of the growing occupations are service-oriented and require specialized skills or training, whereas the shrinking occupations involve activities that require fewer skills or that are increasingly being automated. The table that follows provides some information about the fastest growing and the fastest shrinking jobs in America.
Selection of employees is done through recruiting, the process of attracting suitable candidates for an organization’s jobs. Recruiters use a variety of methods and resources, including internal candidates, newspaper advertising, public and private employment agencies, union hiring halls, college campuses, trade shows, corporate “headhunters” who try to attract people at other companies, etc. Even a bounty may be offered. For example, accounting firm Deloitte & Touche will pay $5,000 to anyone who brings the company a qualified individual for a permanent position. Such is the demand for highly skilled workers today. One of the fastest growing recruitment resources for both large and small businesses is the Internet. Today over 5,800 companies recruit online through their Web sites, as well as through some 3,500 online recruiting services. Online recruiting allows the companies to access a broader selection of applicants, find highly skilled applicants more efficiently, and give applicants quicker responses to their inquiries. Besides, online recruiting reduces average recruiting costs by as much as one-half because it allows the company to use less paid advertising and fewer corporate headhunters. Most companies go through the same basic stages in the hiring process. The first stage is to select a small number of qualified candidates from all the applications received. A person may be chosen on the basis of a standard application form that all candidates fill out, or on the basis of a resume – a summary of education, experience, and personal data compiled by the applicant. This usually accompanies a letter of application. The second stage in the hiring process is to interview each candidate to clarify qualifications and to fill in any missing information. The interview helps to determine whether the person is right for the job and whether the job is right for the person. Depending on the type of job, candidates may also be asked to move to a third stage, taking a test or a series of tests. Tests are used to evaluate abilities, intelligence, interests, and sometimes even physical condition and personality. Two of the stages in the hiring process, interviewing and testing, can both play a crucial role in hiring decisions.
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