Igneous Rocks

InputArray(A);

ShowPrices(A);

 

tStart:= Now();

 

{$ ifdef RECOURSIVE}

p:= BestPathRecoursive(1, 1, A);

tFinish:= Now();

ShowPath(A);

{$ else }

BestPathNonRecoursive(A);

tFinish:= Now();

ShowPath(A, p);

{$ endif }

 

Writeln('Price of best path = ', p,

' Elapsed Time = ', ((tFinish - tStart) * 86400.0):0:3);

ShowDirections(A);

 

{$ ifdef RECOURSIVE}

ShowFrequencies(A);

{$ endif }

 

Readln;

end.

 

 

Прочитайте следующие слова и сочетания слов и постарайтесь запомнить их.

abyssal абиссальный, глу­бинный;

hypabyssal гипабиссальный

adjacent смежный, примыкающий

ash зола

belt пояс; лента; ремень

body тело, вещество;

solid (liquid, gaseous) bodies твердые (жидкие, газообраз­ные) вещества; породная мас­са; массив; месторождение; пласты

common обычный; об­щий;

syn general; ant uncommon

cool охлаждать(ся); осты­вать; прохладный;

ant heat нагревать(ся)

dimension измере­ние; pl размеры; величина;

syn measurement, size

dust пыль

dyke дайка

extrusion вытесне­ние; выталкивание;

ant intru­sion вторжение; геол. интрузия (внедрение в породу извер­женной массы)

fine тонкий, мелкий; мел­козернистый; высококачественный; тонкий; прекрасный, ясный (о погоде); изящный;

fine-graded (fine-grained) мел­козернистый, тонкозернистый;

fines pl мелочь; мелкий уголь

flow течь; литься; n тече­ние; поток;

flow of lava поток лавы

fragmentary обло­мочный, пластический

glass стекло;

glassy гладкий, зеркальный; стек­лянный

gold золото

inclined наклонный

mica слюда

permit позволять, раз­решать;

syn allow, let; make possible

probably вероятно;

syn perhaps, maybe

shallow мелкий; поверх­ностный;

ant deep глубокий

sill силь, пластовая интру­зия

stock шток, небольшой ба­толит

vein прожилок, пропласток

 

3. а) Переведите прилагательные с суффиксом -ive.

intrusive, extrusive, creative, descriptive

 

b) Заполните пропуски в предложениях прилагательными, обра­зованными от выделенных существительных:

1. Igneous rocks are those which have crystallized from magma. Magma may rise through fissures to the surface of the Earth as lava.

In geology this process is called extrusion. Thus,... rocks are formed either as lavas or as fragmentary rocks.

2. Igneous rocks on the other hand may be cooled among the other rocks of the crust. The process is known as intrusion and such rocks are called.... In his Reminiscences of a Mining Engineer Academician Terpigorev gave a description of the training of specialists at the Mining Institute in St.Petersburg before the Revolution. Students' specia­lization was based on... courses and elementary practical training.

 

4. Прочитайте следующие сочетания слов и переведите их:

fragmentary rocks; slowly-cooled rocks; intrusive igneous rocks; at shallow depths; exposed igneous rocks; adjacent rocks; coarse-grained minerals; deep-seated rocks; of great scientific value; enormous lateral pressure; of unequal hardness; at a slow rate; different mineral particles; rock fissures; bedded veins; clay veins; flat veins; numerous veins; steep veins; smaller dimensions; coal fines; glassy surface; inclined coal seams; mode of occurrence; different sources of fuel; volcanic ashes and dust.

 

5. Определите значения выделенных слов по сходству их корней с корнями соответствующих слов в русском языке:

intrusive and extrusive rocks; intrusive magma; large crystals; volcanic rocks; mountain zones; zones of major deformation; min­eral grains; granites and diorites; the group of intrusive or plutonic rocks; straight parallel walls; gigantic crystals; several tons; slowly-cooled batholiths; thick laccoliths; other plutonites; coarse-grained pegmatites; lava flow.

 

6. Прочитайте текст. Назовите характерные особенности изверженных пород:

ТЕКСТ 1

Igneous Rocks

Igneous rocks have crystallized from solidified magma.

Igneous rocks can be classified in a number of ways and one of them is based on mode of occurrence. They occur either as intrusive (below the surface) bodies or as extrusive masses solidified at the Earth's surface. The terms "intrusive" and "extrusive" refer to the place where rocks solidified.

The grain size of igneous rocks depends on their occurrence. The intrusive rocks generally cool more slowly than the extrusive rocks and crystallize to a larger grain size. The coarser-grained intru­sive rocks with grain size of more than 0.5 mm called plutonic or abyssal are referred it as intrusive igneous rocks because they are intruded into older pre-existing rocks. Extrusive or volcanic rocks have even finer grains, less than 0.05 nun and are glassy.

Exposed igneous rocks are most numerous in mountain zones for two reasons. First, the mountain belts have been zones of major deformation. Second, uplifts in mountain belts have permitted plutonic masses to be formed.

The largest bodies of igneous rocks are called batholiths. Batholiths cooled very slowly. This slow cooling permitted large min­eral grains to form. It is not surprising that batholiths are composed mainly of granitic rocks with large crystals called plutons. As is known, granites and diorites belong to the group of intrusive or plutonic rocks formed by solidification of igneous mass under the Earth's crust. Granites sometimes form smaller masses called stocks, when the occurrence has an irregular shape but smaller dimensions than the batholiths.

Laccoliths and sills, which are very similar, are intruded between sedimentary rocks. Sills are thin and they may be horizontal, inclined or vertical. Laccoliths are thicker bodies and in some cases they form mountains.

Dykes are also intrusive bodies. They ranges in thickness from a few inches to several thousand feet. Dykes, are generally much longer than they are wide. Most dykes occupy cracks and have straight parallel walls. These bodies cool much more rapidly and are commonly fine-grained. For example, granite may occur in dykes that cut older rocks.

Pegmatites (quartz, orthoclase and mica) also belong to the group of plutonic or intrusive rocks. They occur in numerous veins which usually cut through other plutonites, most often granite, or adjacent rocks.

Extrusive igneous rocks have been formed from lava flows which come from fissures to the surface and form fields of volcanic rocks such as rhyolite, andesite, basalt, as well as volcanic ashes and dust, tuff, etc. As a rule, these rocks of volcanic origin cool rapidly and are fine-grained. It is interesting to note that basalt is the most abundant of all lava types. It is the principal rock type of the ocean floor.

Igneous rocks are rich in minerals that are important economi­cally or have great scientific value. Igneous rocks and their veins are rich in iron, gold, zinc, nickel and other ferrous metals.

 

7. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста. Под­твердите свои ответы фактами из текста.

1. Igneous rocks have been formed by sedimentation.

2. Intrusive rocks have been formed by the cooling of rocks of the Earth's crust.

3. Extrusive rocks have been formed the same way.

4. The grain size of igneous rocks depends on mode of occurrence.

5. Exposed igneous rocks are numerous in mountain zones.

6. Granites and diorites belong to the group of extrusive rocks.

7. As a rule, granite may occur in dykes.

8. Pegmatites do not belong to the group of plutonic or intrusive rocks.

8. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:

1. Have igneous rocks crystallized from magma or have they been formed by sedimentation?

2. Which types of igneous rocks do you know?

3. What does the grain size of igneous rocks depend on?

4. Can you give an example of intrusive or plutonic rocks?

5. Are diorites intrusive or extrusive formations?

6. What do you know about batholiths?

7. Do pegmatites belong to the group of plutonic or volcanic rocks?

8. How do pegmatites occur?

9. What minerals are igneous rocks rich in?

 

9. а) Найдите в правой колонке русские эквиваленты следующих слов и сочетаний слов:

1. adjacent layers а) способ залегания

2. abyssal rocks b) крупнозернистый

3. dimensions of crystals c) зоны крупных нарушений

4. valuable minerals d) абиссальные (глубинные) породы

5. shape and size of grains e) смежные пласты (слои)

6. mode of occurrence f) размеры кристаллов

7. coarse-grained g) взбросы

8. uplifts h) форма и размер зерен

9. zones of major deformation i) ценные минералы

 

б) Найдите в правой колонке английские эквиваленты следующих сочетаний слов:

1. затвердевшие массы a) irregular shape

2. обломочные породы b) at a certain depth

3. медленно остывать c) economically important

4. мелкозернистый d) solidified masses

5. многочисленные трещины e) scientific value

6. неправильная форма f) to cool slowly

7. на определенной глубине g) existing types of rocks

8. экономически важный h) fine-grained

9. научная ценность i) fragmentary rocks

10. существующие типы пород j) numerous cracks or fissures

 

10. Переведите сочетания слов, обращая внимание на место причастия прошедшего времени по отношению к определяемому существительному:

accelerated process; weathered fragments of rocks; crystallized magma; generally applied method; successfully improved design; unconsolidated and consolidated rocks; weakly deformed minerals; unfrozen ground; rapidly cooled rocks; detailed studies of the Earth's crust; utilized equipment; dissolved minerals; minerals dissolved by the action of water; consolidated rocks; rocks consolidated by some substances; rocks formed by solidification; stratified sediments; rocks exposed on the Earth's surface; exposed rocks; transformations caused by new conditions.

 

11. Найдите предложения, в которых имеются причастия прошедшего времени. Определите их функцию. Переведите предложения:

1. Igneous rocks form a large group of minerals which are economically important.

2. The igneous rocks formed by cooling occur either as intrusive or extrusive rocks.

3. Orthoclase is particularly used in great quantities as raw material in the production of porcelain (фарфор).

4. The clayey mass obtained by the decomposition of orthoclase is usually white and is called kaolin. The product obtained is used in industry.

5. Quartz occurs in the form of small grains. Quartz crystals found in the cracks and fractures of rocks are very hard and beautiful.

6. Pure quartz sands are used in the production of glass.

7. Actual observations of rocks exposed on the continent show that shale represents 46 per cent of the total, sandstone about 32 per cent, and limestone about 22 per cent.