The passive and the causative 12.1 General information about form

Vocabulary: owe a lot of money to – заборгувати великі гроші; to pay their debts to – заплатити борги; the European Community – Європейська Спільнота;

In the United States, a village hall is the seat of government for villages. It functions much as a city hall does within cities. In the United Kingdom, a village hall is usually a building within a village which contains at least one large room, usually owned by and run for the benefit of the local community. Such a hall is typically used for a variety of public and private events, such as parish council meetings, sports club functions, local drama productions, dances, jumble sales (дрібна торгівля – chandlery) and private parties. Village halls sometimes have charitable status. They are occasionally called the village institute rather than village hall.

12.1 B The passive with progressive forms: 'She is being interviewed' [>LEG 12.3n.6]

Vocabulary: progressive forms – форми триваючого часу; form the passive with – утворювати пасивний стан за допомогою;

Only the present and past progressive [> 9.2B, 9.4B] are common in the passive.

We form the passive with the progressive form of be (am/is/are/was/were being) + a past participle:

present progressive: They are interviewing her now. > She is being interviewed now.

past progressive: They were interviewing her here. > She was being interviewed here.

Write: Rewrite these sentences beginning with the words provided (подані слова).

1 The manager always welcomes new employees. New employees are always welcomed by the manager. 2 They're building a new supermarket near the church. A new supermarket … 3 They fought the battle in 1623. The battle … 4 Someone was cleaning the windows while I was there. The windows… 5 Someone has moved my desk! My desk … 6 They are taking the refugees to a camp outside the village. The refugees … 7 Someone had signed all the documents before I arrived. All the documents … 8 They were questioning us and searching our vehicle at the same time. We … and our vehicle … 9 They will post our letters when the ship arrives at the next port of call. Our letters … 10 They are opening the case again because they're not satisfied with the verdict. The case …

Vocabulary: always welcomes – завжди вітає; take the refugees to a camp outside the village – помістити біженців до табору за селом; were questioning us and searching our vehicle at the same time – допитували нас та обшукували транспорт водночас; the ship arrives at the next port of call – корабель прибуває у наступний пункт призначення; are opening the case again – знову відкривають справу; not satisfied with the verdict – не погодитися з вироком;

12.1 C Context: Put in the correct forms, active or passive, of the verbs in brackets

HOW THE OTHER HALF (інша половина) LIVES (?) Lord Manners was a rich and famous banker. When he (die) 1 died recently, he (give)2 a magnificent (пишний, розкішний) funeral ( which (attend)3 by hundreds of famous people. The funeral was going to (hold)4 in Westminster Abbey. Many ordinary people (line)5 the streets to watch the procession. The wonderful black and gold carriage (draw)6 by six black horses. The mourners (follow)7 in silence. Lord Manners(give)8 a royal farewell. Two tramps were among the crowd. They (watch)9 the procession with amazement. As solemn music (could hear)10 in the distance, one of them (turn)11 to the other and (whisper)12 in admiration,’Nowthat's what I call really living!’

Vocabulary: put in the correct forms - вставте правильні форми; in brackets - у дужках; the other half - інша половина;

magnificent funeral - пишний, розкішний похорон, a ceremony or service held shortly after a person's death, usually including the person's burial or cremation; mourners - плакальники; was given a royal farewell – отримав королівське прощання;

A tramp (бомж, бурлака) is a person who has no home or job, and very little money. Tramps go from place to place, and get food or money by asking people or by doing casual work.

12.2 Uses of the passive 12.2A Uses of the passive [> LEG 12.1, 12.4,13]

1 The passive is not just a different form of the active. It has its own uses and is very common in English. It would be hard to think of the active forms of sentences like: Rome wasn't built in a day. The origin of the universe will never be explained.

2 We use the passive mainly in three ways:

- when we don't want to take responsibility for something: The matter will be dealt with soon. (We don't know or want to say who'll deal with it.)

- when we want to focus on a happening, not who or what did it: Our roof was damaged in last night's storm. (We're concerned about the roof.)

- when we want to avoid 'vague subjects' like one, someone, they, etc.: The form has to be signed. (Not *Someone/One has to sign the form. *) English spoken. (Not 'One speaks English*) Shoes repaired. (Not *One repairs shoes")

Write: Supply suitable active and passive forms in these sentences using the verbs in brackets. Some variations in tenses may be possible.

1 It isn't clear how far the ozone layer (damage) has beendamaged by aerosol sprays. It may be possible to tell whether the hole over the Antarctic (widen) has widened after the area (investigate) has been investigated by high-flying planes. 2 These days, even the most remote places on earth (visit)… by tourists. Package tours (can/arrange)… for almost anywhere, from the Himalayas to the Amazonian jungle. 3 Notices such as (English/Speak)… and (Shoes/Repair)… are common. Sometimes they (translate)… into different languages for the benefit of tourists. 4 We (constantly remind)… of the way the world (become)… smaller when events taking place in different parts of the globe (flash)… on our television screens. 5 If you (involve)… in a car accident and someone (hurt)…, you (have to)… report the matter to the police. If only the vehicles (damage)… drivers should exchange names and addresses.

12.2B The use of 'by'+ agent (='doer') after a passive [> LEG 12.5]

1 We use by only when we need to say who or what is responsible for an event: The window was broken last night. (We don't know or want to say who or what did it.) The window was broken by a slate that fell off the roof. (We wish to give information.)

2 We often use by + agent with the passive of verbs like build, compose, damage, design, destroy, discover, invent, make and write to identify who or what is/was responsible:Who designed St Paul's?- It was designed by Christopepher Wren.

Write: Supply passive forms with by + agent where necessary.

1 When Jasper Morgan died his collection of pictures (sell) was sold to raise enough money to pay his taxes. Tremendous interest in the sale (show/the general public) was shown by the general public.

2 The music that (compose/Beethoven)… towards the end of his life is very different from his early music. The music (write)… in extremely difficult conditions.

3 Many beautiful old buildings in cities (replace/modern ones). If this replacement (not control)… it isn't very long before a city loses its character.