D Context. Write: Put in Type 2 conditionals throughout. LYING IN THE SUN.Two tramps, Eugene and Sergio, were lying in the sun. EUGENE: What (we/doing) would we be doing if the sun (not shining)2…? SERGIO: Well, (we/not be)3… lying here for a start. But that's not the important question. The important question is: what (we do)4… if (we/be)5… rich? EUGENE: If (we/be)6… rich, we (can/travel)7… everywhere. SERGIO: True, but we travel everywhere already. EUGENE: Yes, but not in style. If (we/have)8… money, our chauffeur, James, (can/drive)9… us round in our Rolls. Imagine, if (we/be)10… in that position! (We/return)11… to our fine mansion in the country. SERGIO: Yes, the butler (put out) 12… fresh clothes for us, the cook (prepare)13… a fine meal for us. We14… not just be eating carrots all the time. EUGENE: Yes. If (we/own) 15… a house like that, (we/also have)16… a fine swimming-pool. Yes! Yes! If (we/have)17… a fine swimming-pool, (we can/swim)18… as much as we liked. EUGENE: If (we/be)19… really really rich, (we can/lie)so20… in the sun! SERGIO: But we are lying in the sun! 14.3 Type 3 conditionals 14.3A Type 3 conditionals, basic uses: 'If you had gone by train,' [>LEG 14.16-19] We form Type 3 conditionals with if + past perfect (or if + could have) + would have. We often use Type 3 conditionals to express regret, etc. about things that can now never happen. We can use simple or progressive forms of the past perfect in the if-clause: If I'd (= I had) been taller, I'd (= I would) have joined the police force. If I had had any sense, I wouldn 't have bought a second-hand car. If we had gone by car, we would have saved time. If I had been trying harder, I would have succeeded. If I could have stopped, there wouldn't have been an accident.
Write: Comment on the following situations with if (expressing regret, etc.). 1 John ate too much birthday cake, so he was sick. If John hadn’t eaten too/so much birthday cake, he wouldn’t have been sick. 2 We came home from our holiday early because we ran out of money... 3 The house didn't burn down because the fire brigade came immediately… 4 The men were wearing protective clothing, so they were all quite safe… 5 I had an accident because I wasn't watching the road… 6 I was sweating because it was so hot… 7 My father didn't earn much money, so life wasn't easy for us… 8 I didn't enjoy school, so I didn't do very well...
1 4.3B 'If I had been you/If I had been in your position' [> LEG 14.18.1] We often use If I had been you and / I had been in your position to describe what we would have done in someone else's position: If I had been you/If I had been in your position, I would have accepted their offer.
Write: Comment on these situations. Begin each sentence with If I had been... 1 Marie paid £200 for a dress. If I had been Mary, I wouldn’t have paid $200 for a/that dress. 2 Franz didn't take that job he was offered. … 3 Ali didn't study at all, so he failed his exams. … 4 Sandra walked to work in the rain and got wet. …
14.3C 'If + past perfect + modal: 'If he had known the facts, he might have...' [>LEG 14.19] When we use would have in the main clause, we are expressing as much certainty as possible: If he had known the facts, he would have told us what to do. (certain or nearly certain) If we don't feel 'certain' enough to use would have, we can use another modal to say what would have been possible: If he had known the facts, he might have told us what to do. (it's possible) If he had known the facts, he could have told us what to do. (he would have been able)
Write: Supply the correct forms of the missing verbs. Use could have (done) and might have (done) in the main clause. 1 If I had managed (manage) to repair my car earlier, I could have driven (drive) you to London. 2 If I… (know) last week that she was ill, I… (visit) her. 3 If you… (not want) to drive straight home, we… (miss) all this traffic. 4 If you… (ask) politely, I… (help) you. 5 If the weather forecast… (be) different, we… (stay) at home. 6 We…(be) at the airport for hours, if we… (not know) that the flight was delayed. 7 I… (make) a bad mistake, if I… (not read) the instructions. 8 We… (have) an accident, if our car… (not be) properly serviced. 9 If he… (fasten his seatbelt), he… (not be) hurt. 10 She… (not hear) the news, if she… (not turn on) the radio this morning. 11 If they… (could see) us, they… (laugh). 12 If you … (tell) me you needed money, I… (lend) you some. 13 I… (save) some food for you, if I… (know) you were going to be late. 14 They… (play) better, if they… (have) more training.
14.3D Context. Write: Put in Type 3 conditionals throughout. BOTH RIGHT AND BOTH WRONG. The black car screamed round the corner on the wrong side of the road and passed a white car doing exactly the same thing in the other direction. Both drivers stopped and got out of their cars. 'If I (be) had been on my side of the road, you (kill)2… me,' driver A shouted. 'But you weren't on your side of the road,' driver B shouted back. 'If you (... driving)3 more carefully, you (not be)4… on the wrong side of the road.' 'If I (know)5… what was round the corner, I (keep)6… to my side of the road,' driver A said. 'If you (know)7… what was round the corner, you (... not driving)8… so carelessly.'Suddenly, both men stopped shouting and driver A said, very quietly, 'If we both (not be) 9… on the wrong side of the road, we (be) 10… dead now.' Without speaking a further word, both men shook hands and drove away. 14.4 Mixed conditionals; 'unless/if... not', etc. 14.4A Mixed tenses in conditional sentences [> LEG 14.3] We do not always have to stick rigidly to the 'three types of conditional sentences'. There are occasions when we can use any tenses in if-clauses, depending on the context: If I am as clever as you say I am, I would have been rich by now. Type 1 + Type 3 If you knew me better, you wouldn't have said that. Type 2 + Type 3 If I had had your advantages, I'd be better off now. Type 3 + Type 2
Write: Use mixed tenses in these sentences. 1 If I were (be) you, I would have checked (check) my facts before I wrote that letter. 2 If you… (be) so hungry, you… (not miss) breakfast. 3 If he… (not catch) the 5.30 train, he… (not arrive) for another two hours. 4 He… (feel) very tired today if he… (play) rugby yesterday. 5 If the snake bite… (be) poisonous, you…(feel) very ill now. 6 If I… (be) in your position, I… (answer) his letter by now. 14.4B 'If not' and 'unless' [> LEG 14.20] 1 We can use if... not and unless in place of each other when we are saying 'except if. Unless is 'stronger' than if not and we sometimes use it in 'threats': If you don't change your mind I won't be able to help you. (= Except if you change...) Unless you change your mind, I won't be able to help you. (= Except if you change...) 2 We cannot use unless in place of if not when it not doesn't mean 'except if: I'll be surprised if he doesn't win. (if not doesn't mean 'except if) She 'd be better company if she didn't complain so much, (if not doesn't mean 'except if" 3 We often use unless (never if... not) to introduce an afterthought: I couldn't have got to the meeting - unless, of course, I had caught an earlier train. Write 1: Tick the sentences where we could use either if not or unless. 1 I won't do it if you don't help me. V 2 Unless he chooses his words more carefully, he'll be in trouble… 3 She'd have more friends if she didn't criticise everyone so much… 4 I'll be surprised if they don't get married one day… 5 She couldn't have stolen the jewels unless she had had inside help… 6 She couldn't have stolen the jewels - unless of course someone had helped her… 7 I'd be very pleased with this car if it didn't break down all the time...
Write 2: Supply if not or unless in these sentences. Note where you could use either. 1 (you/tell) unless you tell/ if you don’t tell me the whole story, I won't be able to help you. 2 He would be happier and healthier (he/have)… so many worries. 3 We couldn't have caught the plane - (we/break)… the speed limit getting to the airport. 4 (management and unions/become)… more flexible, there'll be a lot more strikes. 5 I'll be there by 7 o'clock (I/get held up)… in the traffic. 6 (we/have)…more rain soon, the plants will all die. 7 (you/not warn) me, I would have fallen into the same trap as you.
14.4C Conjunctions we can sometimes use in place of 'if [> LEG 14.21] We can introduce conditionals with conjunctions which do not always have exactly the same meaning as if, for example: assuming (that), even if, on (the) condition (that), provided (or providing) that, so long as, suppose and supposing: Assuming (that) it's fine tomorrow, we'll go for a swim.
Write: Rewrite these sentences using the conjunctions in brackets. 1 If you gave me $10,000, I still (not go) down a coal mine, (even if)… Even if you gave me $10,000, I still wouldn't go down a coal mine. 2 I (lend) you my book if you let me have it back by Monday, (on (the) condition (that))… 3 If you look after it, I (let) you keep my bicycle till the weekend, (providing (that))… 4 If you (not tell) anyone else, I'll tell you what happened, (so long as)… 5 If it (be) a holiday on Monday, we can drive to the seaside, (assuming (that))… 6 The children were never scolded if they (do) what they were told, (so long as)…
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