Заступник міністра Б.М. Жебровський

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Pacific Student’s Bottled up Plea Drifts

Ashore in Spain

Peter Tebainea was a court clerk (1) _______________ (to struggle) with his law studies on the Pacific island of Butaritari when he stuffed a plea for help in a bottle and threw it into the sea. More than three years and several thousand miles later, the bottle finally turned up – on a beach in Cadiz, southern Spain.

His request for help and the reward on offer (2) ______________ (to be) still legible. Mr Tebainea (3) _______________ (to write) in broken English on a piece of paper: “If you are interested with me request please write to me to the above address. My reward to you I will allow you to having holiday with family in Butaritari beautiful island, and also tour around uninhabited small islet around and having photos with those islands.”

How the bottle got to Spain, is anyone’s guess. One possible route (4) _______________ (to take) it on a current known as the South Equatorial – away from Indonesia and across the Indian Ocean. Rounding the Cape of Good Hope, it (5) _________________ (modal verb/pick up) by south Atlantic currents, which (6) _______________ (to take) it to the Caribbean. From there, the Gulf Stream (7) _______________ (to deliver) it on to a beach in Cadiz.

Or it (8) ____________________ (modal verb/hitch) a lift on the Atlantic circumpolar eastwards, past Cape Horn and into the south Atlantic.

Earlier this year, oceanographers (9) _______________ (to stun) (10) ________________ (to discover) that a floating flock of 29,000 rubber ducks, turtles, beavers and frogs – cast overboard 11 years ago from a container ship en route from China to Seattle – (11) ________________ (to begin) to arrive on the New England coast. They (12) ________________ (to get) there through the Bering Strait.

All this was of little concern to the Spanish beachcomber who wanted to know what (13) _______________ (to become) of the poor South Pacific court clerk. The search went through Jane Resture, an editor of a website about the South Pacific in Queensland.

Ms Resture, (14) _______________ (to quote) acquaintances of Mr Tabainea, said he last (15) _______________ (to hear of) working on a ship. He, like his bottle, (16) _______________ (to go) to sea.

Before now, Butaritari’s main claim to fame had been that it (17) _______________ (to visit) by Robert Louis Stevenson for three months in 1889.

(From ‘The Guardian’, abridged)

Role play. You are oceonographers studying climatic change and ocean currents. Get a map and discuss how the bottle could have got from the Pacific island of Butaritari to southern Spain.

Role 1. You think the bottle must (might/may/could) have travelled across the Indian Ocean and round the Cape of Good Hope.

Role 2. You think the bottle must (might/may/could) have travelled past Cape Horn.

Vocabulary Revision

30. Revise Vocabulary 1 Unit 9 ( p …) and Vocabulary 1 Unit 10 (p. …) and do the following multiple choice task.

1. Some words are hard to _______ because they have many different meanings.

A. define B. determine

2. Good manners _______ the gentleman.

A. define B. determine

3. Weather ________ the size of the crop.

A. defines B. determines

4. The government has _________ war on Ruritania.

A. announced B. declared C. proclaimed

5. James and Judy ________ the date of the wedding in the newspaper.

A. announced B. declared C. proclaimed

6. The opposition ________ that they would probably support the government decision.

A. announced B. declared C. proclaimed

7. Peace was ______ at last.

A. announced B. declared C. proclaimed

8. Is the _______ of Queen Victoria considered the golden age of Britain?

A. reign B. rule

9. In ancient times the kings of England ________ without a parliament, having complete power.

A. reigned B. ruled

10. A country will hardly flourish if it is under foreign ______.

A. reign B. rule

11. The countries _______ their efforts to promote the peace settlement.

A. unified B. united

12. You must ______ the systems, otherwise they’ll be impossible to use.

A. unify B. unite

13. Common interests ________ our countries.

A. unify B. unite

14. Have you got any _______ to offer for coming so late?

A. excuse B. justification

15. In _______ of his failure he said he had been ill.

A. excuse B. justification

16. The police racially abused a black man. There can be no _______ for such acts.

A. excuse B. justification

17. Until the conflict over land started the villagers had lived in _____ for years.

A. agreement B. concord C. consensus

18. Having failed to do the work in time, you broke our _______.

A. agreement B. concord C. consensus

19. Though the problem is rather complicated, we are all in _______ about what to do.

A. agreement B. concord C. consensus

20. Every parliamentary group had its own opinion on this controversial issue but they did reach a(n) _______.

A. agreement B. concord C. consensus

21. The president made a bad mistake. Even his _______ supporters had to admit that.

A. hard-core B. staunch

22. It’s no good asking Father to join the union, he’s its _______ opponent.

A. hard-core B. staunch

23. He won’t steal. I have ________ in him.

A. belief B. faith

24. It’s my ______ that she is right.

A. belief B. faith

25. These people have very unusual religious _______.

A. beliefs B. faiths

26. His _______ in God is unshakable.

A. belief B. faith

27. The _______ of single people in the country is growing.

A. per cent B. percentage

28. What _______ of the people want change?

A. per cent B. percentage

29. Church attendance among young people has risen by 20 ______ in the past two years.

A. per cent B. percentage

30. He used _______ to get what he wanted.

A. force B. strength

31. He can lift heavy weights because of his ________.

A. force B. strength

32. His personal knowledge is the ______ of his argument.

A. force B. strength

33. I bought this plot of land on the _______ of his advice.

A. force B. strength

34. The _______ of his personality was so great that many people accepted his beliefs as true.

A. force B. strength

35. I’ve made the first __­­__ of my speech, but it still needs a lot of work.

A. draft B. project

36. The chairperson can’t answer any questions now. The plan is still only in ______.

A. draft B. project

37. This student is doing a special _______; he’s building a small electrical machine for his science class.

A. draft B. project

38. She ________ as the illness grew worse.

A. loosened B. weakened

39. He ________ his tie but didn’t take it off.

A. loosened B. weakened

40. She asked so many times that in the end we ______ and let her go.

A. loosened B. weakened

41. He says he’s just a(n) ________ man, with _______ hopes and fears.

A. conventional B. ordinary

42. Jean’s got very ________ opinion about food, so she won’t eat anything new or frozen.

A. conventional B. ordinary

43. I wish you weren’t so _______ about the clothes you wear.

A. conventional B. ordinary

44. If the US takes a hostile _______ toward Islam it can lead to unpredictable consequences.

A. attitude B. position C. stance

45. By telling her the truth, you’ve put me in a very difficult _______.

A. attitude B. position C. stance

46. Older people usually change their _______ to religion.

A. attitude B. position C. stance

47. I’d like to help you, but I’m afraid, I’m not in a(n) _______ to do so.

A. attitude B. position C. stance

Word List

Unit 1

Reading and Speaking 1.

To be in the grip of smth, to cut costs, to have little say in smth, to devote smth to …, currently, to subsidize fees, to compete with smb, to fall behind, a counterpart, to be functionally illiterate, to allow (entrepreneurs) into …, given smth, to make for smth, a curriculum, on the part of smb, to escape consequences, to benefit smb.

Reading for Information.

To master smth (a program), to deserve smth, to award a prize to smb, all in all, contrary to smth, to abolish smth, an applicant, financial aid, to set an example, to have a point (He has a point.), to treat smb with respect

Reading and Speaking 2

Article 1

To go online, to surf the Web, misinformation, guidance on smth, to be inaccessible, profound(ly), to encounter smth, credible, to scrutinize smth, to enroll smb in a school, to interact with smb, to be at the forefront of smth, cutting-edge technology

Article 2

Cheating, alteration (to alter), amendment (to amend), plagiarism, painstakingly (to take (great) pains to do smth), to highlight a text, (students’) grades, to aid smb in doing smth, to sign up for a service, notorious(ly), law-abiding, to assume that, to source (a source), to reference (a reference), to know better, a passing / failing grade

Professional Reading.

To report (seeing smth), to be forced to do smth, to fund smth, to ignore a complaint, to dispute smth, to cover up, faculty, in return for smth, to urge smb to do smth, an insurance agent, exorbitant (fees), to be halted due to smth, a code of conduct, an auditor, to confirm smth

Vocabulary 2

To ban smth, to be accountable to smb, to conceal smth, a link between …, affluent, contemporary, to be exposed to smth, drug (alcohol) abuse, to be little short of a miracle

Unit 2

Reading and Speaking 1.

To make up for smth, average per-capita economic growth, a trend, long-term (growth), economic decline, elsewhere, an approach to smth, to cut costs, to create jobs, to reach an agreement, in return for smth, competitive(ly), R&D (Research and Development), (in)flexible rules, to give (smb) formal notice, to go before a labour tribunal, an out-of-court settlement, labour force, to take early retirement, to be laid off

Reading for Information.

To create opportunities (jobs), to pay by the hour, temporary work, to be unheard of, a major corporation (manufacturer), (a) top (university), to have one’s pick of smth, a rate of (pay), meager wages, to let up on smb, a think tank, to land a career job, to profile smth, staggering, to complete a doctorate, a scholar, full-fledged, self-indulgence (self-indulgent), to share a view, a down payment for smth, housing, an option.

Reading and Speaking 2.

Retraining, to lack smth, binge (working), a sabbatical, scarce, rigid, premises, a dependent, to launch a program, workforce, to be in charge of smth, a commitment, to some extent, proliferation of smth, a white-collar worker, terms of employment

Professional Reading.

A workplace, to find smth to be unlawful, the court ruled that …, to receive back pay, (the country) at large, under a court ruling, an illegal alien, social assistance, to receive a refund for overpayment, a retirement benefit, the law covers (smb), to enforce a law, to do smth through a criminal fraud, Chief Justice, to undermine a law, a non-citizen.

Vocabulary 2.

To get one’s own back, to get away with smth, to get at smb, to get smb down, to get down to smth

Unit 3

Reading and Speaking 1.

1. For one thing, to exchange smth, compared with smth, to account for smth, a decline, to have children out of wedlock, to take advantage of smth, to make a fuss, to make sense

2.

To be (in)valid, in keeping with smth, to propose to smb, to expose smth, (a) hard-line (group), a shelter, to file a suit, to declare smth void, to give one’s consent, to allege that …, to forge smth, bail (to be released on bail), by a two to one majority

Reading for Information

To consider smth (consider doing smth), to have full/joint custody of …, to leave things as they are, to hold true (This pattern holds true …), a framework (a legal framework, in the framework of …), to (re)define smth, a breadwinner, a trend, to allocate money for …, to claim aid for …, lodging, to qualify for smth, a tax deduction, to meet criteria, a right of inheritance, to fall short (Such laws fall short.), to carry full legal authority, a state of affairs, to ease smth, to receive an allowance.

Reading and Speaking 2.

A birth rate, to face smth, economic decline, economics, to determine smth, to table a proposal, (a) welfare (scheme), to require smb to do smth, to have (little) impact on smth, the well-off, to discriminate against smb, a discrepancy

Professional Reading

A settlement with smb, to be at stake, to set a precedent, to extend pension benefits to smb, bias, a legal obligation.

Vocabulary 2.

To be entitled to smth, to be legally binding, to suffer harsh treatment, (un)ambiguous.

To come upwith smth, to come into smth, to come up against smth, to come up with smth.

To keep smb out of…, to keep up appearances, to keep one’s hands off smth, to keep smb at arm’s length, to keep something to oneself, to keep one’s eyes open, to keep on the right side of the law, to keep smb in the dark, to keep within bounds, in keeping with smth.

Unit 4

Reading and Speaking 1.

1.

To respond to treatment, to take to doing smth, a mortality rate, frail, an outbreak of (a disease), to take tough measures, to come into close contact with smb, to distribute fliers, a communicable disease, to undertake an investigation, a health-care worker, to pinpoint smth, unwittingly, to disseminate (a disease), to emerge, to contribute to smth, to verify smth, to contract a disease, to understate (numbers), a mutated virus (to mutate).

2.

A busybody, to report on smb, to act funny, to be stunned, to recall smth, to impose a quarantine on …, to spread a disease, an (un)orthodox approach to smth, authoritarian, to hold smb accountable to smb, to enforce measures, at the grass-roots level, a hot spot, to be assigned to do smth, to place smb under quarantine, to dispose of smth, to hold a briefing, to update smb.

Reading for Information.

1. An ailment, to take off (sales took off), a prescription drug (medication), to interfere with smth, findings, to say something flatly, to dismiss smth as …, to be inadequate/flawed, a dietary supplement, to touch a raw nerve, herbal medicine, a press release, inconclusive, to stand one’s ground.

2. To sniff smth out, health-related, a fraud, to write smth off as …, (a) dispassionate (analysis), to cite smth, to levy a penalty on smb, a breakthrough, to go after smb, a remedy, to get an idea through to smb.

To take in (to be taken in), to take on, to take smb for smb, to take over, to take smth up, to take up some time, to take to doing smth.

To be at loggerheads, to be at odds with smth, to be beyond smb, to be in the open, to be off, to be out of date, to be up to date, to be under orders, to be up to smth (doing smth).

Reading and Speaking 2.

A policy maker, a malignant growth, to malfunction, subjective, to be sensitive to smth, to rely on smb, weight fluctuation, sleep disturbance, fatigue, poor concentration, (low) self-esteem, to contemplate smth, self-medication, in terms of smth, to prevail, a health-care budget, to bring smb relief, to keep smth/smb at bay.

Professional Reading.

A (high) suicide rate, to inject lethal drugs, to legalize euthanasia, mercy killing, to be reviewed by a lawyer, to be eligible, to be terminally ill, (in)humane, to exclude smb, (to cause) impaired judgment, to opt for smth, polls.

Vocabulary 2.

On and off (from time to time), to be off (The wedding if off), (10%) off all prices, a mile off the shore, to be off work, to be off colour, off the record, to be off one’s head, to go/be off.

Unit 5

Reading and Speaking 1.

1.

To link smth with smth, to cause smth, a trend toward smth, to assert smth, to have an impact on smth, to question smth, scarce, unthinkable, to migrate out of …, to contaminate water supplies, to adjust, devastating, to proclaim smth, circumstantial evidence, coherent, a wide range of …, an environmentalist.

2.

A stance, outrage, to be reluctant to do smth, to pledge smth, (un)specified (to specify smth), a provision (of a treaty), to go down well somewhere, to ratify a treaty, to pull a plug on smth, to implement a program, a conservation law, to impose restrictions on …, to emerge, to get the message, to exceed smth, to slow smth down, futile.

Reading for Information.

1. To rely on smth for smth, to irrigate crops, to wipe smth out, large-scale (commercial) fishing, poaching, to pose danger to …, to alter the level of smth, to generate (power), to be in the planning stage, preliminary, to outweigh smth, to deteriorate, to harm smth, to be farfetched, an environmentalist, (public) sentiment, economic justification, to be economically viable, to make a contribution to …

2. To pollute smth with smth, to be high on the agenda, a tax revenue, tropical rain forests, to plunder natural resources, to have no say in smth, a pollutant, to follow through with a threat, allegedly, to intervene, a (staunch) advocate of …

To go along with smth/smb, to go back on smth/smb, to go beyond smth (power, rights, etc), to go into a decline, to go off, to go out of one’s way, to go through with smth, to go to extremes, to go with the crowd.

To cut back on smth, to cut smth down (to), to cut down on smth, to cut smth off, to cut smth short, to cut smth with smth.

Professional Reading.

An exhaustive report, a permissible level (concentration) of smth, a mortality rate, contaminated, to become public knowledge, to lift a ban, to expose smth, to put smb under pretrial arrest, to receive a suspended sentence, to reprocess spent nuclear fuel, to dump radioactive waste, to discharge radioactive substances into the environment, to lift restrictions on smth, to pursue one’s interests, to co-own smth, to share profits.

Vocabulary 2.

To call smth/smb back, to call for smth, to call smth in, to call smb to account, to call smb to order, to call smb together.

To carry smb away, to carry smth forward, to carry on, to carry smth out.

Unit 6

Reading and Speaking 1.

1. To specialize in smth, a drug dealer, to blame smth on smb, a division of labour, to put smb in prison, a pickpocket, a loophole, to be soft on/with smb/smth,

2. To come to terms with smb, to be under attack by …, to hold smb as suspect, a victim of a crime, to gun smb down, a crook.

Reading for Information.

To set smb free, a stay of execution, the death penalty, solid evidence, a deterrent, capital punishment, to establish the guilt of the accused beyond any reasonable doubt, to put smb to death, innocent, to confess to a crime, a wrongful conviction, to mitigate smth, prejudice, to impose a penalty, a miscarriage of justice, to bring smth to light, to exonerate smb, defence counsel, misconduct, a legal obligation, a moratorium on smth.

To put smth aside, to put forward an idea, to put smth in a nutshell, to put smb in his/her (proper) place, to put smth into effect (practice), to put smth into words, to put smb off the scent, to put pressure on smb, to put an end to smth, to put smth to rights, to put two and two together.

Reading and Speaking 2.

To pass (bring in) a verdict, to be prosecuted for smth, to raise an issue with smb, a defendant, to charge smb with smth, contempt of court, obstruction of justice, a minor offence, to belong somewhere, to be sentenced to …, to be suspended, to dismiss a charge, to disclose smth, to clarify smth, to intimidate smb, criminal prosecution, hearsay, to vote according to one’s conscience, to acquit smb, the judiciary, a high-profile (low-profile) case, the prosecution, the defence, to exercise one’s right, to veto smth, to convict smb

Professional Reading.

1. A discrepancy between …, a compulsory sentence, a felony, a repeat offender, to be on parole, (a) harsh (law), a misdemeanour, a petty crime, a defendant, to hear an appeal, a criminal record.

2. A hit-and-run crash, to be convicted on (six) counts, premeditation, to serve time for (burglary), joyriding, to cause death, reckless driving, a motoring offence.

Vocabulary 2.

To stand one’s ground, to stand up to smth, to fight tooth and nail for smth, to be indicted for smth, fraud, inside information, to conspire with smb, to be at stake, to find smb guilty of smth, a scapegoat, to be prosecuted for smth, insider trading, to fake evidence, to present fake evidence

To stand by smb, to stand fast /firm, to stand for smth, to stand on one’s own feet, It stands to reason, to stand up for oneself, to stand with …

By leaps and bounds, a leap in the dark, to jump at an offer, to jump the queue, to hit the nail on the head, to take the bull by the horns, to lay one’s cards on the table, to find a happy medium, to be on tenterhooks, to toe the line, to see light at the end of the tunnel.

Unit 7

Reading and Speaking 1.

1. To see smth as (inevitable), to develop dependency, the scale of a problem, to launch an inquiry, to seek treatment for smth, ultimately, to be authorized to do smth, to defy smth, aversion to smth, to complicate matters, to recognize smth as (destructive), to undermine smth, to be addictive, to pose a risk, to tackle smth, to attain (glory), to wind up with smth.

2. Incomparable, to accelerate smth, a decline, to think twice, a stimulant, to raise suspicions, to go to the limit.

Reading for Information.

1. To cultivate smth, to release figures on smth, a reduction in output of smth, a harvest, to consider smth a priority, to disburse money, a long-term programme, to make smth near-impossible, to be processed into smth.

2. Illicit, a trafficking network, to expand, expansion of smth, (drug) consumption, to reinforce smth, possession (to possess drugs), to have some effect on smth, demand for smth, to contribute to smth.

To work against smb/smth, to work away, to work out, to work round the clock, to work to rule (a work-to-rule strike), to work under smb, to work up (to work one’s way up), to work wonders.

To set smth/smb apart, to set smth aside, to set back, to be (all) set for …, to be set forth, to set off, to set smth right (straight), to set up shop, to set up (in business).

Reading and Speaking 2.

To eradicate smth, notably, an ethnic minority, commerce, to seize smth, a seizure, an (eight)-fold increase, an underestimate, to predominate, to be equivalent to smth, rehabilitation, to pick smb up, to keep off drugs, to draft a law, to render smb responsible.

Professional Reading.

1. To come out in favour of smth, a ceasefire, to enact a law, to fade, physical effects of drug abuse, a withdrawal symptom, a benign substance, to be exempt from …, (a) small-time (user), to put smth to use, a smoke-screen for …, crude (marijuana).

2. A big-time drug dealer, prominent, to date to (the 1970s), hard drugs, to lure smb to smth, a menace, undercover police, a transaction, to be admissible in court.

Vocabulary 2.

To give away (a secret), to give in, to give oneself out for smb, to be given to smth, to give credit to smth/smb, to give rise to smth, to give way to (anger), to give smb up.

To live from hand to mouth, to get one’s fingers burnt, to meet smb halfway, to give the game away, to smell a rat, to bark up a wrong tree, to get smb off the hook, by hook or by crook.

Unit 8

Reading and Speaking 1.

Ingenious, (civilian) casualties, to depict smb as …, a primary source (for news), to render smth less relevant (irrelevant), to give smb an exclusive interview, the crawl line (under the screen), to black out smth, coverage, to be at odds with smth, to say smth on the air, to air smth.

Reading for Information.

Resistance, a ruling party, a corrupt political elite, to freeze aid, a source, to do smth in retaliation for smth, to be privy to (internal) information, to implicate smb in smth, a shady business, to be prominent (in a movement), to challenge smb, to leak (a leak of information), a prime suspect, to flee a country, an assassin, an unrelated incident, to get to the bottom of smth, to reach a political accord with …, a settlement, to trade accusations.

To back smb up, to break up, to catch up (with/on smth), to clear smth up, to cover up (for smb), to hold smb up, to look up, to keep up (with), to own up, to pick smb up, to set smth up, to set smb up, to speed up, to split up, to turn up, to wind up.

Reading and Speaking 2.

1. A gift for smth, a fellow intern, a reprimand, sloppy reporting, to cover smth (in mass media), disbelief, to cross paths, moving, vivid, a falsification, to assign smb to do smth, to fabricate smth, to concoct (a scene), a columnist, plagiarism, to be convicted on … counts, to address smth, meticulous, to come under scrutiny, to root for smb, in all likelihood.

2. A showdown, a revelation, to lift quotes, to fake smth, to come in contact with smb, to brag about smth, a deputy editor, a staff reporter, to hit the roof, (a) high-profile (assignment), to push smth to the breaking point, to plagiarize, to confront smb about smth, considering smth, a celebrity.

Professional Reading.

An interim ban, to make an assertion, a writ, an implication, (a) restrictive (law), to be applicable, libel, to award an injunction, to surge/come to the fore.

Vocabulary 2.

To look after oneself, to look down (on smb/smth), to look for trouble, to look good, to look someone in the eyes (face), to look a gift horse in the mouth, to look into (a matter), to look out, to look up, to look up to smb.

Unit 9

Reading and Speaking 1.

1. Theology (a theologian), faith, secular, spirituality, to stick to smth, a tenet, to be relevant to smth, to take a stance on …

2. A revelation, to go on a pilgrimage, to sever ties, the crucifix, to take pains to do smth, to suit one’s own needs, to disestablish smth, a prayer, clergy, (to see smb as) tarnished.

Reading for Information.

1. A pillar of society, the faithful, to run a business on the side, to go astray, a temple, religious tenets, to join the monkhood, a lapse, disillusionment, to fall prey to smth, to instill discipline (within smth), to defrock a monk, a novice, to smb’s chagrin, a council of elders, to be ordained.

2. To confirm smb as (bishop), prejudice, to be an affront to …, to rank as …, conventional teaching(s), a controversy, to deem smb/smth to be …

To carry away, to be/get carried away, to call away, to do away with smth/smb, to get away, to get away with smth, to give away, to keep away from …, to pass away, to put away, to take away, to work away.

Reading and Speaking 2.

1. Nothing out of the ordinary, a sense of enlightenment, eternity, a deity, consciousness, insight, ambiguity, to have the capacity for doing smth, to be prone to smth.

2. To identify smth with smth, uplifting, sorrow, divine, compassion.

Professional Reading.

To have much to gain from …, to command respect, to be misleading, a mosque, to shy away from…

Vocabulary 2.

A bishop, sacred, to close the door on smb, a tribute to smth (to pay tribute to smth)

To bring smth forward, to come forward, to look forward to …, to move forward, to put smth forward, to step forward.

Unit 10

Reading and Speaking 1.

1. An outrage, to give smb a break (in doing smth), the Interior Ministry, to claim responsibility for smth, atrocity, to slaughter, to get the message (= to understand), to make smth available to …, a motto (mottoes).

2. To advance a goal/a cause, to make an analogy between …, a revelation, (a) hard-core (radical), an adherent, bloodshed, proliferation of terror, indiscriminate(ly), secession (to secede), to be well under (100), to obscure smth.

Reading for Information.

1. To detonate explosives, to take smb’s life, a personal profile, brutal, to win smb over, to befriend smb, to brainwash smb, coexistence.

2. In retaliation, an ambush, an attempted assassination, to rebuke smb, to undermine efforts, to obstruct a process, to denounce smth, to reaffirm smth, to arrange a ceasefire.

To be off, to be well (badly) off, to be way off, to get off with …, to go off, to keep off, to pass off as …, to put off, to put smb off the scent, to take off, to tell smb off, to wear off, to write smth off.

Reading and speaking 2.

To intercept smth, to hijack an airliner, restricted airspace/area, to overreact, a sore point for smb, credibility, drastic (security) measures, to disrupt a plot, to whip up (fears), a display of (vigilance), to deter smb.

Professional Reading.

To be referred to as …, to reside in …, to torture smb, an informed source, a foreign national, to tie smb into knots, to bring smth to a halt, to confront smb (directly), to give smb a lead, a small fry, to be lured into smth, to break down a conspiracy.

Vocabulary 2.

To head somewhere, a mastermind (to mastermind smth), inadvertently, to leave a trail, a detainee, ruthless, to be intent on doing smth, a chieftain, smb’s whereabouts, to be (to keep smb) under surveillance, an alias, a disciple, a (close) associate, to pat smb on the back

To carry smth out, to come out, to drop out, to fall out, to find (smb) out, to have smth out, to leave out, to make out, to pay out, to run out, to spell smth out, to turn out, to walk out, to work out.

At the back of one’s mind. Scratch my back and I’ll scratch yours. a stab in the back, to have a hand in something, to wash one’s hands of something, to lay one’s hands on something, to have something well in hand.

Grammar Reference

Unit 1

Simple and Progressive Forms

The Present Progressive vs. the Present Simple Tense

1. The present progressive refers to temporary actions and situations that are going on ‘around now’: before, during and after the moment of speaking.

What are you doing here? – I’m waiting for Mark.

The present progressive is also used when people talk about what is going on at a particular time which is not necessarily the moment of speaking. In this case two or more simultaneous actions are mentioned.

At seven when the postman comes I’m usually having breakfast.

She doesn’t like to be disturbed if she is working.

3. Repeated actions.

The present progressive can refer to repeated actions if they are happening around the moment of speaking.

Jake is seeing a lot of Felicity these days. (It is unusual.)

The present simple is used to express repeated actions and events which are not closely connected to the moment of speaking.

I go on holiday twice a year.

4. Progressive forms can be used with ‘always, continually’ and similar words to mean ‘very often’.

Granny is nice. She is always giving us little presents.

I’m continually running into Paul these days.

This structure is used to talk about things which happen very often, but which are unexpected or unplanned. Compare:

When Alice comes to see me, I always meet her at the station. (It’s a regular planned arrangement.)

I’m always meeting Mrs Bailiff at the supermarket. (It’s accidental, unplanned.)

Progressive forms can also show that the speaker is annoyed.

She’s always making mistakes. – Вечно она ошибается.

5. Formal correspondence.

Some fixed phrases that are used in letter-writing can be expressed in the simple present (more formal) or in the present progressive (less formal).

We write to advise you …. (Less formal: We are writing to let you know…)

I enclose my cheques for … (Less formal: I’m enclosing …)

I look forward to hearing from you. (Less formal: I’m looking ….)

6. Future actions.

The present progressive is used mostly to talk about personal arrangements and fixed plans, especially if the time and place have been decided.

I’m seeing Larry on Saturday.

Did you know I’m getting a new job?

The simple present is used to talk about the future when we are talking about events which are part of a timetable or something similar.

The term starts on April 10^th.

What time does the bus arrive in Seattle?

Occasionally the simple present is used with a future meaning when we are giving or asking for instructions.

Well, what do we do now?

7. Be going + infinitive.

This structure is used to talk about plans and emphasizes the idea of intention.

We are going to get a new car soon.

Another use of this structure is to predict future actions on the basis of present evidence or to make predictions about events that are outside people’s control. In this case the structure is translated into Russian with the verb in the future form.

Hurry up! We are going to miss the train. – Мы сейчас опоздаем.

Things are going to change for the better. - Все изменится к лучшему.

8. Non-progressive verbs.

Some verbs are never or hardly ever used in progressive forms. Many of these verbs refer to mental or emotional states or use of the senses (know, think, believe, feel, see, smell, be, etc.). However, when some of these verbs (in certain meanings) are used to express a deliberate action they can be used in progressive forms. Compare:

I feel we shouldn’t do it.

Why are you feeling your pulse?

What are you thinking about?

What do you think of the book?

Angela is nice.

I know Clara hates me, but why is she being so nice to me now?

The Past Progressive vs. the Past Simple Tense.

1. The simple past tense is used to talk about many kinds of past events: short, quickly finished actions, repeated events, permanent actions.

I met John yesterday morning. He told me …

He spent all his childhood in Scotland.

2. The present progressive is used to say that something was going on around a particular past time.

When I saw Bill he was talking to Linda.

Another use of the past progressive is to stress that an action was in progress at every moment during a period of time.

I was painting all day yesterday.

3. The past progressive: special uses.

The past progressive is often used to talk about something that is a ‘background’, not the main ‘news’, thus we can make something seem less important by using this tense.

I was talking to the President last night, and he said …

(It sounds as if there was nothing special for the speaker about talking to the President.)

The past progressive can be used with ‘always, continually’ and similar words to talk about things that happened repeatedly and unexpectedly, or that annoyed the speaker.

Aunt Lucy was always turning up without warning and bringing us presents.

I didn’t like him – he was continually borrowing money.

The Future Simple vs. Future Progressive Tense.

1. The future simple is used to predict future events (to say what we think will happen). The construction ‘going to’ is also used in this meaning, but generally it implies that there is some outside evidence for what we predict. Compare:

Look out! We are going to crash! (There is outside evidence.)

He’s a terrible driver – he’ll crash some day. (It’s the speaker’s opinion.)

Next year will be different. (That’s what the speaker thinks.)

Next year is going to be different. (The speaker bases this statement on some present facts.)

2. The future simple is used to express decisions (which haven’t been calculated before), promises and strong intentions and threats.

The phone is ringing. I’ll answer it.

I’ve forgotten to buy the tickets. But don’t worry I’ll buy them later.

I will stop smoking. I really will!

3. The structure ‘Will you …?’ is used to express firm instructions or orders.

Will you get me a newspaper when you are out?

Will you be quiet, please?

4. Questions with ‘Shall I/we …?’ are used to ask for instructions, to offer services and to make suggestions.

What time shall we come and see you?

Shall I carry your bag?

Let’s go and see Lucy, shall we?

5. The future progressive is used to express an action that will be going on at a particular moment in the future.

This time tomorrow I’ll be lying on a beach.

6. The future progressive is also used (without a progressive meaning) to refer to future events that are fixed or decided, or which are expected to happen in the normal course of events (outside the will or intention of the speaker).

Professor Baldwin will be giving a lecture on Roman culture next week.

Fill in your immigration form. We’ll be landing soon.

7. The future progressive can be used to make polite enquiries about people’s plans. By using this tense, the speaker shows that he doesn’t want to influence the listener’s intentions. Compare:

Will you be staying in today? (Polite enquiry, suggesting ‘I simply want to know your plans’.)

Are you going to stay in this evening? (Pressing for a decision)

Will you stay in this evening? (request or order)

Distancing

Certain structures can be used to make the speaker’s requests, questions or statements seem more ‘distant’ from reality and therefore more polite. Past tenses are often used to do this.

How much did you want to spend, sir? (meaning ‘How much do you want to spend?’)

I wondered if you were free this evening. (meaning ‘Are you free?’)

Progressive forms can be used in the same way. They sound more casual and less definite than simple forms because they suggest something temporary and incomplete.

I’m hoping you can lend me $10. (less definite than ‘I hope …’).

What time are you planning to arrive? (more casual than ‘Please let me know what time you plan to arrive.’)

The past progressive gives a greater level of distancing.

Good morning. I was wondering if you have two single rooms. (meaning ‘Do you have …?’)

I was thinking – what about borrowing Jack’s car?

Another way to distance is to displace it into future. ‘Will need / have to’ can be used to soften instructions and orders.

I’m afraid, you’ll have to fill in this form.

I’ll have to ask you to wait a minute.

‘Will’ is sometimes used to say how much money is owed.

That will be $250, please.

Unit 2

The Simple Present Perfect Tense

1. The simple present perfect is used to say that a finished action or event is connected with the present in some way, but the time of the action is not mentioned or implied. It expresses the idea of completion or achievement.

At last! I’ve finished!

I’ve learned enough to pass the exam. (The exam is still to come, and I’m ready for it.)

The simple present perfect is the most natural way of giving news of recent events.

And here are the main points of news again. The pound has fallen against the dollar. The number of unemployed has reached five million. …

After using the present perfect to announce a piece of news, the speaker naturally changes to past tenses to give details.

There has been a plane crash near Bristol. Witnesses say there was an explosion as the aircraft was taking off.

When the speaker is interested in some details of a completed action, he uses past tenses.

That’s a nice picture. Did you paint it yourself? (The picture is finished and it’s clear that somebody has painted it. I want to know who did it.)

2. The simple present perfect is used in sentences constructed with ‘It’s the first (second …) time that …’

It’s the first time that I’ve heard her sing.

This is the fifth time you’ve asked me the same question.

3. The simple present perfect can be used in a time clause introduced by ‘since’ when we mean ‘за тот период (за то время) что …’. In this case the time clause expresses a state which began in the past and is connected with the moment of speech.

Compare: You’ve drunk ten cups of tea since we arrived. (‘Arrived’ is a past action which is not connected with the moment of speech).

You’ve drunk ten cups of tea since we’ve been here.

Ты выпила 10 чашек чаю за то время, что мы здесь.

(We are still here. A period of time connected with the moment of speech.)

They’ve been close friends since Alice was a little girl. (Alice is not a little girl any more. A period of time not connected with the moment of speech).

4. The present perfect tense is often used in clauses with ‘before’ and ‘after’ to emphasize the idea of completion or to stress that one action must necessarily happen before the other. (Remember that you cannot use future forms in clauses of time and condition.)

I can’t go home before I’ve signed the letters. = I’ll go home only after I’ve signed the letters.

I’ll phone you after I arrive. = I’m just saying when I’ll phone.

I’ll phone you after I’ve seen Jack. = It’s essential that I see Jack before I phone. (Я тебе позвоню только после того, как увижусь с Джеком.)

The Simple Past Perfect Tense

1. The simple past perfect is used to express an action that happened before a given moment in the past.

When I arrived at the party, Lucy had already gone home.

If a number of past actions are described, the past perfect is used to express priority to the initial state or action, but if some details of the prior actions are given, the past simple is used.

She adored her new house. She had been to many shops and had found the right furniture. She bought it at a good price and had enough money left to buy an antique painting. Since then she hadn’t seen anything half so beautiful.

See how the given actions are connected: ‘had been / found’ and ‘had seen’ are prior to ‘adored’. ‘Bought and had’ followed ‘had found’.

2. It is not necessary to use the past perfect in time clauses introduced by ‘after, before, as soon as, etc.’ since it’s clear in which succession the events took place.

After he finished his exams he went to Paris.

As soon as I put the phone down it rang again.

However, if the speaker means to make the sentence emphatic, the past perfect should be used.

As soon as I had put down the phone it rang again. = That very moment.

After he had done military service, he went to university. = It’s important that when he went to university he had already done military service.

He went out before I had said a word. = Не успел я и слова сказать, как …

(Note that in sentences like the last one, a past perfect tense can refer to a time later than the action of the main verb.)

3. The simple past perfect (similar to the simple present perfect) can be used in a time clause introduced by ‘since’ when we mean ‘за тот период / за то время, что …’

I knew Paul had had two accidents since he’d had the car.

If the time clause introduced by ‘since’ is used only to determine some time in the past, the past simple is used.

I knew she had changed several jobs since she left school. = since 2002.

The Simple Future Perfect

The simple future perfect is used to express an action that will have been completed by a certain time in the future.

Don’t try to get in touch with them in the evening. They will have left by then.

Perfect forms with state verbs

Normally the perfect forms are not used in sentences like:

I’ll be home by five o’clock. (meaning ‘I’ll be home at or before 5.’)

By the end of the meal they were friends. (meaning ‘They were friends at the end of the meal and continued being friends later.’)

In these examples the state we are speaking about does not come to an end at the given moment. Compare:

By September he’ll be in Paris. – К сентябрю он будет в Париже.

By September he’ll have been in Paris. – К сентябрю он побывает в Париже.

However, if the duration of the given state is mentioned the perfect forms are used. (These are examples of the perfect progressive forms with verbs not used in continuous, though.)

By next Christmas we’ll have been here for eight years.

Nouns in Groups

In the noun+noun structure, the first noun modifies or describes the second, like an adjective.

A horse race – a kind of a race

A race horse – a kind of a horse

Note that the first noun is usually singular in form, even if it has a plural meaning.

A shoe shop – a shop that sells shoes

This rule also applies to compound nouns used as adjectives.

A ten-pound note

A ten-year-old boy

In measurement of time, however, the ‘…’s’ structure is often used.

A day’s journey

Three hours’ walk

Twenty minutes’ delay

Noun + noun structures are also possible.

A three-hour journey

A twenty-minute delay

Unit 3

1.The Present Perfect Progressive

The present perfect progressive is used to talk about the situations which started in the past and are still going on, or which have just stopped and have present results.

Sorry, I’m late. Have you been waiting long?

You look hot. – Yes, I’ve been running.

We cannot use the present perfect progressive in situations that refer to a finished period of time.

I’ve been working in the garden the whole morning. (It’s still morning.)

I was working in the garden the whole morning. (It’s evening now.)

2. The present perfect simple versus the present perfect progressive

Both the present perfect simple and the present perfect progressive can be used to talk about recent actions and situations that have present results. There is an important difference. The present perfect progressive focuses on the action itself, looking at it as a continuous activity (not necessarily finished). The simple present perfect, on the other hand, focuses on the idea of completion and present result.

I must have a bath. I’ve been working all afternoon. (Focus on continuous activity.)

I’ve planted a lot of rose bushes. (Focus on result.)

Who has been sleeping in my bed? (Emphasis on continuous activity – makes the action sound longer and annoying.)

I think she’s slept enough. I’ll wake her up. (Focus on result.)

Note the way simple and progressive perfect forms are translated into Russian.

I’ve been reading your book. – Я читал твою книгу. (Что делал?)

I’ve read your book. – Я прочитал твою книгу. (Что сделал?)

I’ve been reading your book for a week now. – Я читаю твою книгу уже неделю. (Что делаю?)

The present perfect progressive is used to talk about temporary actions and situations. When we talk about long-lasting or permanent situations we use the simple present perfect.

That man has been standing on the corner all day.

That castle has stood on the hill for 900 years.

However, both tenses are possible in such situations, with a slight difference in emphasis.

My parents have lived in this house for 30 years. (Just a fact.)

My parents have been living in this house for 30 years. (Emphasis on continuity, meaning to stress that they haven’t moved house even once.)

3. The present perfect progressive versus the present simple (progressive)

Both the present perfect progressive and the present simple (progressive) can be used to talk about actions which started in the past and are still going on. The difference is that the present perfect progressive has an ‘up to now’ focus, or is used to show how long the action has lasted.

I have French lessons every week. (I had them before, have now and will continue.)

I’ve been having French lessons every week, but I think I’ll make it twice a week from now on.

I’ve been having French lessons since last year. (NOT ‘I’m having’.)

4. The Past Perfect Progressive

The past perfect progressive is used to talk about actions or situations which had continued up to a given past moment, or shortly before it.

At that time we had been living in the caravan for 6 months.

When I found Mary, I could see she had been crying.

The past perfect progressive is used to talk about temporary actions or situations and to emphasize the continuity of an activity. The past perfect simple is used to talk about permanent situations or to emphasize the idea of completion.

My legs were stiff because I had been standing for a long time.

They lived in a castle that had stood on that hill for 800 years.

My mind was full of strange images because I had been reading science fiction. (Emphasis on continuous activity.)

I had read all my magazines, and I was beginning to get bored. (Emphasis on completion.)

5. The Future Perfect Progressive

The future perfect progressive is used to emphasize the continuity of a future action that will be going on for some time before a given future moment. If the completion of an action is emphasized the future perfect simple is used.

She’ll have been teaching for 2 years this summer.

The builders will have finished the roof by Tuesday.

Adjectives and Adverbs

Adjectives are normally used in two positions – before nouns and after link verbs: be, seem, appear, become, feel, look, taste, sound, smell, get, etc.

It’s a good dish. It tastes good. She looks happy.

If there are several adjectives in a word combination, their order should be as follows: value (indicating personal opinion) – size – age – shape – colour – origin – material + noun.

Lovely black leather shoes

A priceless fifth-century Greek gold coin

Adverbs are used to modify verbs, adjectives, past participles and other adverbs.

She danced happily into the room.

It is terribly cold today.

The steak is badly cooked.

She drives unusually well.

Some adjectives and adverbs have the same form.

A fast car goes fast.

If you do hard work, you work hard.

There are also adverbs that have two forms, like ‘late’ and ‘lately’, which have a different meaning. Here are some examples.

Dead = exactly, completely, very

dead certain, dead right, dead tired

Deadly (is an adjective) = fatal, causing death

Cyanide is a deadly poison.

Direct – is often used as an adverb referring to journeys

The plane goes direct from London to Houston.

Easy – is used as an adverb in some informal expressions

Take it easy! Go easy! Easier said than done. Easy come, easy go.

Fine = well – is used in some informal expressions

That suits me fine. You are doing fine.

(Compare: finely chopped onions)

Free = without payment

You can eat free in my restaurant.

Freely = without limit or restriction

You can talk freely now, I won’t tell anyone.

Hard – an adjective and an adverb

Hit it hard. These are hard times.

Hardly = almost not

I’ve hardly got any clean clothes left.

High – refers to height

He can jump very high.

Highly = very much

It is highly appropriate.

Low – is an adjective and an adverb

He spoke in a low voice. He bent low.

Quick – is often used instead of ‘quickly’ in informal style.

I’ll get back as quick as I can.

Real – is often used instead of ‘really’ before adjectives and adverbs in informal style.

That was real nice. He cooks real well.

Right = just, exactly

She arrived right after breakfast. Turn the gas right down.

Right & rightly – can both be used to mean ‘correctly’. ‘Right’ is informal.

I rightly assumed that Henry wasn’t coming.

You guessed right. It serves you right.

Short – is used in expressions: to stop short (suddenly), to cut short (interrupt)

Shortly = soon

The others will arrive shortly.

Wide – is the normal adverb. ‘Widely’ suggests distance or separation.

The door was wide open. She has traveled widely.