ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ КОММЕНТАРИЙ1. These conditions are sufficiently homogeneous to be grouped together. 2. In America in 1790 over four-fifth of the white population were said to be of British origin. 3. There is a distinction to be made between these classes of words. 4. He was the first English painter to portray his native countryside so sincerely. 5. The second book, to be published shortly, will deal, with the history of the national-liberation movement. 6. These, writers were no pedants. They were practical men who were accustomed to use their pens for practical purposes, and who wrote to make themselves understood, not to display their cleverness or learning. 7. To begin with, dialectal varieties are as numerous in Tuscany as anywhere else in the peninsula. 8. But the exceptions are too-numerous here, for аnу rule to be stated. 9. Articles of this description appear to occur in Germany and a number of specimens derived from the Island of Rugen, and thought to belong to this class, were presented for inspection by Mr. R. 10. In order to explain, or rather better to understand the sudden and glorious rise of Elisabethan literature it is necessary to take a glance at the historical events which preceded it, and which may be said to have done much to make it possible. 11. The Chinese word for «mother» for instance is “ma”, even though Chinese is not supposed to have-any connection with the languages of the West. 12. Further investigations along the same lines are likely to produce not only interesting information about the development of Byzantine painting but also about the history of the whole European theatre. 13. Edward refused to admit baronial claims which were not attested in writing or could not be shown to have operated since the coronation of Richard I in 1190. 14. It is very probable that other deposits of the same nature will be found in the neighbouring territory close to the same ancient lake. This seems to be indicated by the remains of fossil animals recently discovered near Ambrona. 15. The French Revolution, which may be said to have begun with the Fall of the Bastille in 1789, was the outcome of centuries of oppression in France; and the ideas of reform were in the air long before its actual outbreak. 16. This work was compiled by a learned monk named Dionysios of Fourna, who appears to have lived at the end of the fourteenth century. 17. The vital problem is to examine the premises on which he based his conclusions. 18. Even at the beginning of the seventeenth century the Confucian scholars used to shave their heads like Buddhist priests. 19. It remains, however, for much of this material to be published in an easily accessible form. 20. To his sovereign or lord a man was bound to be faithful, to his parents dutiful, and to his elder brother respectful. 21. The tomb of Shakespeare is in the chancel. A flat stone marks the spot where the bard is buried. There are four lines inscribed on it said to have been written by himself. 22. The population was divided into a number of different classes: serfs were to be found, and slavery existed. 23. To prepare civil officials, schools were established in the capital and provinces. 24. The only remaining traces of these tribes are pit dwellings and shell mounds, and they must have been in the most primitive stages of culture. 25. The people of this period are supposed to have lived in huts of skins, leaving no traces behind them. 26. It is significant, however, that over most of England and the Lowlands of Scotland the language which came to predominate was English. 27 This ornament is to be found later in the group of Shibe in the Altai. 28. To consider in turn each of the predecessors of Byzantine culture, which did or could affect its development, and to give a general outline of the character of the contribution of each is the aim of this chapter. 29. In 1542, nearly fifty years after Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope, the Portuguese reached Japan, the first Europeans to view its shores. 30. A few additional factors of a geographical character which may have exercised an influence on artistic developments of one sort or another may also be noted. 31. The country was torn to pieces, as it were, politically and socially. All over Japan the feudal lords were at war with one another. The masses must have suffered very much. 32. The occasions when a Japanese samurai was bound to commit suicide were innumerable. 33. In older days the swordsmen used to travel all over Japan in order to perfect themselves in this art. 34. The essential fault of this work is to be found in the very plan. 35. The captain managed to secure his sextant, but when he went back for his chronometers, the chart-room was too deep in water for him to be able to reach them. 36. Irish immigrants met some hostile prejudice after a time. They were supposed to be unreliable, and they certainly threatened the Protestant domination. 37. All the principal species of animal now raised for food seem to have been domesticated already in the Near East and Europe by societies still in the neolithic stage. 38. The polished stone celt used to be regarded by archaeologists systematists as the type fossil of the Neolithic period. 39.The remainder of the Eastern Slavs, to the northeast of Kiev, came to be ruled by Grand Prince of Moscow, who in effect assumed the position of viceory for the Mongols. 40. In order to crush the old independent aristocracy (the boyars, who served any given prince at will), the Tzars built up a new noble serving class (the dvoriane or gentry). 41. In later Moscovite theory, the task of the peasants was to produce food, pay taxes and (for a selected number of them) to serve as common soldiers in the army, while their gentry lords were bound to serve the state all their lives as civil officials or military officers. 42. The final breakdown of Tzarism absolutism in the midst of the domestic strains produced by the First World War seems to foreshadow the establishment of some type of “open society” in Russia. 43. At first, defence against the Swedes had been concentrated here, but it was later moved to Krondstat, the island-base whose garrison was to figure prominently in the revolution of 1905 and 1917. 44. In Siberia the peasants were freer and were vast expanses of good land to be had for the taking, however, migration was severely restricted by law (which was often evaded) until the latter part of the 19th century. 45. The expansion of the Russian peoples thereafter had to take place within the confines of the Russian state. 46. There was much in the political and social institutions of old Russia to provoke men to attempt an escape to freedom. 47. As a whole, the Russian people remained Christian, as they had been for a thousand years. If the peasant had a grievance against his village clergyman, it was more likely to be personal than institutional. 48.These new groups had to practice a good deal of self-help and community development on their own protection. Being different in so many obvious ways from the established Americans, they found it hard to get themselves accepted. 49. Earl of Stockton was the first person since 1964 to receive a hereditary peerages to which there was an heir. 50. Many local councils, including some with Conservative majorities, complained that it was impossible for them to provide local services of an acceptable quality without more funds. 51. At the same time, the Russian peasant might be distrustful or hostile to foreigners who were thought to be influencial in the central or local government or economy. 52. The gentry were too preoccupied with their own grave economic problems to be of much help to the peasant. 53. The Russian peasant revered the Tzar as his “Little Father”, though he seems to have been little moved by the demise of the monarchy in 1917. 54. Until 1902, when Lord Salisbury resigned as Prime Minister, it was quite normal for the highest office to be held by a peer. 55. People who are just too young to vote are included in the list so that they may vote at any election which may be held after their eighteenth birthdays. 56. When we speak of ‘the Government’ we tend to think of the ministers, who are politicians. 57. Since the Ministry was to remain appointive and like that of Germany, responsible only to the emperor, the Duma’s powers were far short of those of the British House of Commons. 58. The position of the Prime Minister is strengthened by television, which tends to personalize politics. 59. Neither the intelligentsia nor the government seemed to understand very clearly what had happened in the countryside. 60. At first there was no chief minister, but soon after 1721 Robert Walpole came to be called Prime Minister, and later it became normal for all ministers to be appointed on the Prime Minister’s advice. 61. Laws were to require the approval of both houses and the Emperor. 62. His aim was to open up a shorter trade route between the two continents. 63. They even carried fire from one camp to the next. A hot ember would be sealed inside a buffalo horn filled with rotted wood. There it would smolder for days, ready to bring warmth from the old village to the new. 64. To honour Vespucci, the scholar named them (the lands) America, using the female form of Vespucci’s first name, as the other continents had female names. 65. He and his men became the first Europeans to see the Grand Canyon of the Colorado River. 66. The company’s purpose was to set up colonies along the Atlantic coast of the North America between 34º and 38º North latitude. 67. The group’s members came to be called the Pilgrims because they went to find religious freedom. 68. In most countries people are expected to have the same religion as their rulers. 69. To escape this persecution, a small group of the Puritans left England and went to Holland. 70. The Pilgrim’s chances of surviving were not high. The frozen ground and the deep snow made it difficult for them to build houses. 71. One of their first leaders, John Winthrop, said that they should build an ideal community for the rest of mankind to learn from. 72. The Puritans of Massachusetts believed that governments had a duty to make people obey God’s will. They passed laws to force people to attend church laws to punish drunks and adulterers. Even men who let their hair grow long could be in trouble. 73. The last English colony to be founded in North America was Georgia, settled in 1733. “the eyes of the people are upon us”, said Winthrop. To this day many Americans continue to see their country in this way, as a model for other nations to copy. 74. These different beliefs about land ownership were to be a major cause of conflict between Europeans and Amerindians for many years to come. 75. It had cost British taxpayers a lot of money to defend the colonies during the French and Indian War. 76. Merchants believed that the new import taxes would make it more difficult for then too trade at profit. Литература.
1. Мальчевская Т. Н. Сборник упражнений по переводу гуманитарных текстов с английского языка на русский. Ленинград, Наука, 1978 2. Bromhead, P. Life in Modern Britain. Longman, England, 1995. 3. Bromhead, P. Life in Modern America. Longman, England, 1996. 4. O’Callaghan, B. An Illustrated History of the USA. UK, 1993. 5. Treadgold, D.W. Twentieth Century Russia. Boston, 1981. Стр. От составителей 3 Инфинитив 4 Функции инфинитива в предложении 6 Подлежащее 6 Часть сказуемого 7 Определение 15 Обстоятельство цели 19 Обстоятельство следствия 19 Вводный член предложения 21 Повторение функций инфинитива 23 Инфинитивные обороты 25 Сложное подлежащее с инфинитивом 25 Сложное дополнение с инфинитивом 34 Оборот “for+инфинитив” 39 Повторение инфинитивных оборотов 42 Повторение инфинитива 44 Литература 49 ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ КОММЕНТАРИЙ
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