Environmental problems with fertilizers

The main environmental problem associated with fertilizer use is contamination of water and vegetables with nitrates and phosphates.

The nitrogen from fertilizers is usually converted by bacteria in the soil to nitrates. These nitrates can be washed out of the soil surface into streams and rivers. High nitrate levels in drinking water are considered to be dangerous to human health. Humans are subject to nitrate toxicity. Because of fertilization vegetables may contain high levels of nitrate.

There is a group of vegetables which contains natural high levels of nitrate: spinach, lettuce, celery, radish, and beetroot. Middle level of nitrites is in cabbage, cucumber, carrot. The low level of nitrates is in onion, tomatoes, green peas, pepper and egg-plants.

Phosphorus cannot be easily washed out of the soil, but is bound to soil particles and moves together with them. Phosphorus can also be washed into surface waters together with the soil that is being eroded. The phosphorus is not considered to be dangerous, but it stimulates the growth of algae in slow moving water. These algae eventually die and decompose, removing the oxygen from the water causing fish kills. This process is called eutrophication.

Recent research shows that the main sources of nitrates in groundwater are crop residues and organic matter that decompose and produce nitrates at time when crops cannot make use of them.

Post-reading activities

Questions:

1. What is the main environmental problem associated with fertilizer use?
2. How do nitrates occur?
3. What level of nitrate is dangerous to human health?
4. What vegetables have the natural high levels of nitrate?
5. What vegetables have the natural low levels of nitrate?
6. Can phosphorus be easily washed out of the soil?
7. What kind of contamination does phosphorus provoke?
8. What are the main sources of nitrates?

Translate from Ukrainian into English using the Modal Verbs

1. Нам треба додержувати норм внесення нітратів у ґрунт.

2. Ми мусимо перевіряти вміст нітратів у фруктах, овочах та інших продуктах.

3. Вам не слід вживати немиті овочі.

4. Ми можемо зменшити кількість нітратів, якщо всі овочі помити гарячою водою.

5. Для зменшення кількості нітратів нам слід почистити яблука та огірки, а з моркви вирізати серцевину.

6. Ви маєте використовувати мінімальну кількість добрива.

7. Можливо, не всі знають про шкідливий вплив нітратів на організм людини.

8. Нам доведеться вживати меньше шпінату.

9. Вони, напевно, не знають про шкідливість фосфатів.

Література:

1. Барановська Т.В. Граматика англійської мови. Збірник вправ: Навч. посібник. Видання друге, виправлене та доповненею – Мова англ., укр. – Київ: ТОВ “ВП Логос-М», 2007. – 384с.

2. Л.В. Мисик, А.Л. Арцишевська, Л.Р. Кузнєцова, Л.Л. Поплавська. Англійська мова. Комунікативний аспект. / За ред. доц. Мисик Л.В. – Підручник. – К.: Атіка, 2000. – 368с.

3. Гужва Т. М. Англійська мова: Розмовні теми: Навч. посіб. Для студентів фак. Інозем. Філології, університетів, ліцеїв, гімназій та коледжів. – Харків: Фоліо, 2005. – 414с.

4. Бессонова І. В. Англійська мова (за професійним спрямуванням). Навчальний посібник для дистанційного навчання. – К.: Університет «Україна», 2005. – 26

Модуль самостійної роботи:

1. Безособові форми дієслова. Інфінітив. Дієприкметник. Герундій.

2. Скласти рецепт улюбленої страви та меню в ресторані.

3. Анотування газетної статті за фахом.

 

Безособові форми дієслова. Інфінітив. Дієприкметник. Герундій.

Питання для самоконтролю:

1. Дайте загальну характеристик не особовим формам дієслова.
2. Інфінітив:

- форми інфінітива;

- функції інфінітива;

- синтаксична роль у реченні;

- інфінітивні звороти (objective with infinitive, nominative with infinitive, the for – to – infinitive construction).

1. Дієприкметник:

- форми дієприкметника;

- функції дієприкметника;

- Participle I (утворення, функції, часові форми);

- Participle II (утворення, функції, часові форми).

1. Герундій:

- форми герундія;

- функції герундія;

- синтаксична роль герундія в реченні;

- герундіальні звороти.

1. Порівняйте пари:

- герундій та інфінітив;

- герундій та дієприкметник.

Вправа 1. Розкрийте дужки і оберіить правильний варіант

1 The article must (translate / be translated) into Russian.

2 Ann did very well at the exam. She must (be studying / have studied) very hard.

3 George has (to call / to be called) his insurance agent today.

4 It is too cold (to bathe / to have bathed) today.

5 I hope (to send / to be sent) to the conference.

6 The budget committee decided (to postpone / to be postponed) the meeting.

7 The weather seems (to be improving / to have improved) now.

8 I am glad (to have seen / to have been seen) you.

9 The letter may (have been sent / have sent) to the wrong address.

10 I am looking for Helen. Do you know where she is? She may (watch / be watching) TV in her room.

Вправа 2. Визначте функцію інфінітиву та перекладіть речення

1 I’m happy not to have failed you.

2 We were sorry to find out that most of the museums were closed that day.

3 This is a man to be relied upon.

4 I’d like to make an appointment.

5 This is an interesting fact to be mentioned in the report.

6 The boy didn’t want to be praised in the presence of other pupils.

7 I felt that to send a letter to him would only pain him uselessly.

8 One of our friends was suddenly taken ill and had to be operated on immediately.

9 The President is to visit Vienna next year.

10 The press conference is to start in a minute.

11 You should consult the doctor.

12 The! freezer must be kept at –20º.

13 You would rather go to class tomorrow than today.

Вправа 3. Перекладіть речення

1 He is known to be a great book-lover.

2 The members of the committee are expected to come to an agreement.

3 Many buildings were reported to have been damaged by the fire.

4 The experiment is believed to be а failure.

5 She seems to know the subject well.

6 He happened to be at home at that time.

7 There seem to be no changes in the trade relations between these two countries.

8 There proved to be many difficulties in solving the matter.

9 There happened to be many people there at that time.

10 The ship can be expected to arrive at the end of the week.

11 The weather can’t be expected to change tomorrow.

12 There seem to be no objections to their proposal.

13 There happened to be a surgeon among them.

Вправа 4. Оберіть правильну форму займенника або іменника:

1 Richard is expecting (us/our) to go to class tomorrow.

2 You shouldn’t rely on (him/his) calling you in the morning.

3 They don’t approve of (us/our) leaving early.

4 George asked (me/my) to call him last night.

5 We understand (him/his) having to leave early.

6 We are expecting (Henry/Henry’s) to call us.

7 They are looking forward to (us/our) visiting them.

8 Susan regrets (John/John’s) being in trouble.

9 We understand (you/your) not being able to stay longer.

10 We object to (their/them) signing the contract now.

Вправа 5. Оберіть потрібну форму герундія або інфінітива:

1 The teacher decided (accepting / to accept) the paper.

2 His father doesn’t approve of his (going / to go) to Europe.

3 We found it very difficult (reaching / to reach) a decision.

4 Donna is interested in (to open / opening) a bar.

5 George has no intention of (to leave / leaving) the city now.

6 We are eager (to return / returning) to school in the fall.

7 She refused (to accept / accepting) the gift.

8 Mary pretended (to be / being) sick yesterday.

9 Carlos hopes (to finish / finishing) his thesis this year.

10 They agreed (to leave / leaving) early.

11 Herry shouldn’t risk (to drive / driving) so fast.

12 He demands (to know / knowing) what is going on.

13 She is looking forward (to return / to returning) to her country.

Вправа 6. Випишіть номери речень, де вжито герундій:

1 Climbing the mountain, he broke his leg.

2 Having climbed the mountain, they rested the whole day.

3 Climbing a mountain is his favourite pastime.

4 The rule being explained is not easy.

5 Having been explained the rule became quite clear to everybody.

6 The rule being explained, we started doing the exercises.

7 I prefer explaining to testing.

8 Why do you dislike living here?

9 What’s the name of the girl living here?

10 I don’t like the idea of her living here.

11 The water here is not very good. I’d avoid drinking it.

12 What are you drinking? Is it apple juice?

13 After being stopped by the police, the man admitted stealing the car.

Література:

1. Никульшина Н.Л. Повторяем неличные формы английсого глагола: Учеб. пособие.Тамбов: Изд-во Тамб. гос. техн. ун-та, 2002. 96 с.

2. Верба Л.Г., Верба Г.В. Граматика сучасної англійської мови. Посібник. – логос, 1997.- 341 с.

3. Грамматика английского языка: пособие. Ч. 1. Морфология / Под ред. Б.А. Ильиша. - 6-е изд. –, К.: Б.в., 1997. - 214 с.

4. Голицынский Ю.Б. Грамматика: Сборник упражнений. – 3-е изд. - СПб.: Каро, 2001. – 512 с.

5. Гордон Е.М., Крылова И.П. Грамматика современного английского языка: Учебник для институтов и факультетов иностранных языков. – 2-е изд., испр. и доп. – М.: Высшая школа, 1980. – 335 с.

 

Індивідуальна робота за семестр:

 

1. Проектна робота. Тема: «Стилі та напрямки сучасної музики».