Operating SystemsWhen computers were first introduced in the 1940s and 50s, every program written had to provide instructions that told the computer how to use devices such as the printer, how to store information on a disk, as well as how to perform several other tasks not necessarily related to the program. The additional program instructions for working with hardware devices were very complex, and time-consuming. Programmers soon realized it would be smarter to develop one program that could control the computer’s hardware, which others programs could have used when they needed it. With that, the first operating system was born. Today, operating systems control and manage the use of hardware devices such as the printer or mouse. They also provide disk management by letting you store information in files. The operating system also lets you run programs such as the basic word processor. Lastly, the operating system provides several of its own commands that help you to use the computer. DOS is the most commonly used PC operating system. DOS is an abbreviation for disk operating system. DOS was developed by a company named Microsoft. MS-DOS is an abbreviation for «Microsoft DOS». When IBM first released the IBM PC in 1981, IBM licensed DOS from Microsoft for use on the PC and called it PC-DOS. From the user’s perspective, PC-DOS and MS-DOS are the same, each providing the same capabilities and commands. The version of DOS released in 1981 was 1.0. Over the past decade, DOS has undergone several changes. Each time the DOS developers release a new version, they increase the version number. Windows NT (new technology) is an operating system developed by Microsoft. NT is an enhanced version of the popular Microsoft Windows 3.0, 3.1 programs. NT requires a 386 processor or greater and 8 Mb of RAM. For the best NT performance, you have to use a 486 processor with about 16 Mb or higher. Unlike the Windows, which runs on top of DOS, Windows NT is an operating system itself. However, NT is DOS compatible. The advantage of using NT over Windows is that NT makes better use of the PC’s memory management capabilities. OS/2 is a PC operating system created by IBM. Like NT, OS/2 is DOS compatible and provides a graphical user interface that lets you run programs with a click of a mouse. Also like NT, OS/2 performs best when you are using a powerful system. Many IBM-based PCs are shipped with OS/2 preinstalled. UNIX is a multi-user operating system that allows multiple users to access the system. Traditionally, UNIX was run on larger minicomputers to which users accessed the systems using terminals and not PCs. UNIX allowed each user to simultaneously run the programs they desired. Unlike NT and OS/2, UNIX is not DOS compatible. Most users would not purchase UNIX for their own use. Windows 2000 & XP are the most popular user-oriented operating systems with a friendly interface and multitasking capabilities. Вариант 5
1. Перепишите предложения, подчеркните сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Data communication within and between computers systems is handled by system software. 2. The specifications have been written by a system analyst, who has worked closely with the person or group of people for whom the program is being written. 3. After the output has been designed and it has been determined that the required input data is available, the programming team can begin to design the program solution. 4. In particular, the first listed function, managing the computer’s resources, is taken care of without the user being aware of the details. 5. Software (or firmware) is also being used in video games and for the configurable parts of the logic systems of automobiles, televisions, and other consumer electronics.
2 .Перепишите предложения и поставьте глаголы в скобках в нужную видовременную форму. Письменно переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Visual Basic most often (to use) today to create quick and simple interfaces to other Microsoft products. 2. Programming languages (to develop) for years and will remain so for many years to come. 3. The first major programming languages (to characterize) by the simple fact that they were intended for one purpose. 4. Visual Basic often (to teach) as a first programming language today. 5. High-level languages (to compile) or (interpret) into machine language object code.
3. Перепишите предложения и передайте их смысл в форме пассивного залога. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Например:
The program sends the data to the The data is sent to the display display device or printer. device or printer.
1. Communications software transfers data from one computer system to another. 2. These programs usually provide users with data security and error checking. 3. Programming software usually provides tools to assist a programmer in writing computer programs. 4. Drivers coordinate peripheral hardware and computer activities. 5. System software handles data communication within and between computers.
4. Перепишите предложения и письменно переведите их на русский язык, обратив внимание на перевод определительных конструкций.
1. UNIX was the wonder operating system of the 1970s and 1980s. 2. An operating system kernel on its own isn’t a lot of use. 3. General-purpose software is the backbone of the microcomputer industry. 4. The developers of application software rely mostly on marketing research strategies trying to do their best to attract more users. 5. Most use premium rate telephone line charges.
5. Перепишите и письменно переведите текст.
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