Hygienical value, composition, properties of atmospheric air

The normal vital functions of organism and his capacity are closely related to air, his physical properties and chemical composition. An air environment is necessity by the condition of life on Earth. She plays an important role breathing of man, animals and plants. Without air maintenance of viability of organism is unthinkable. The role of air consists of providing with oxygen, moving away of products of metabolism, providing of process of heat exchange.

Infra-red radiation. Makes greater part of radiation of a Sun and on biological activity divided by long-wave (1500-2500 нм) and short-wave (760-1500 нм). Biologists the ческое operating of infra-red radiation on an organism largely depends on a wave-length and absorptive capabilities skin.

Ultraviolet radiation. Renders the most strong biological action, especially rays with length of waves from 315 to 290 нм. Influence of this part of spectrum is related to the direct affecting structure of molecule of albumen. As a result of difficult changes (denaturation and coagulation of albumen) marked declines of firmness of albumen to the enzymes.

Visible radiation. A sun emits the radiation of not only ultraviolet and infra-red spectrum but also powerful stream of visible rays. Intensity of visible spectrum of solar radiation at Earth depends on a weather, height of standing of a sun above horizon and other factors. Daily luminosity in the middle stripe of our country in July makes an about 65 LTD. of лк, and in декабре- 4000лк less. On the level of daily luminosity substantial influence renders dustiness of air. It is set that in districts with large industry intensity of visible spectrum on 30-40% less than as compared to districts, where clean atmospheric air.

Light renders the considerable психофизиологическое operating on an organism. Depending on spectral composition he can cause excitation and strengthen sense of heat (оранжево-красная part of spectrum). Cold tones in сине-фиолетовой part of spectrum strengthen brake processes in ЦНС. Yellow-green colors render sedative influence on an organism. It is used, for example, at aesthetic registration of pharm establishments, enterprises of chemical and pharmaceutical industry of and other

Light strengthens exchange processes, promotes activity of the separate systems of organism. Especially considerable influence light renders on the function of sight. Being the irritant of visual analyzer, light renders enormous influence the same on ЦНС. Thus he plays a leading role the processes of perception of the surrounding world, in formation of day's rhythm, being appropriate alternation of periods of rest and muscular activity, processes of excitation and braking. The role of light is great and in the processes of photosynthesis of plants.

Temperature. Atmospheric air is heated mainly soils and waters due to eaten up by them sunny energy. These more subzero temperature is explained to before a sunrise and maximal - between 13-15 ч, when the superficial layer of earth is maximally warmed up.

The temperature of air very substantially influences on the microclimate of apartments (climate of internal environment of apartments, that is determined by operating on the organism of man combinations of temperature, humidity and rate of movement of air, and also temperature of surrounding surfaces).

Under act of temperature there are different physiological changes in many systems of organism. Depending on the size of temperature can be observed the phenomenon of overburning or cooling. At enhanceable temperatures (25 - 35°С) oxidizing processes some go down in an organism, but they can increase in future. Breathing becomes more frequent and becomes superficial. Pulmonary ventilation increases in the beginning, and then remains without changes.

The protracted influence of high temperature results in considerable violation of introductory-salt and vitamin exchange. These changes are especially characteristic at implementation of physical work. An increase diaphoresis conduces to the loss of liquid, salts and водорастворимых vitamins. For example, during a fag in the conditions of high temperature of air to 10 л can be distinguished and more than sweat, and with him to

30 - 40 g of chloride of natrium. It is set that the loss of a 28 -30 g of chloride of natrium conduces to lowering of gastric secretion, and generous amounts - to the muscular spasms and cramps. At the strong diaphoresis of loss of водорастворимых vitamins (With,, In,, In,) can arrive at 15 - 25% of day's necessity.

Considerable changes at influence of temperature register in the cardiovascular system. The blood supply of skin and hypoderm increases due to expansion of the system of capillaries, a pulse becomes more frequent. At the same physical activity heart rate the more than higher temperature of air. Frequency of heart-throbs increases because of irritation of thermoreceptors, increase of temperature of blood and formation of products of metabolism. Arteriotony, both systole and of greater degree diastole, at the action of high temperatures goes down. Promotes viscidity of blood, maintenance of haemoglobin and red corpuscles increases.

A high temperature renders not favourable influence on ЦНС showing up in weakening of attention, deceleration of motive reactions, worsening of co-ordination of motions.

The protracted affecting of high temperature organism can result in the row of diseases. The most private complication is overburning (thermal hypotermia) arising up

In bad cases, overburning flows in form heat-prostration. Observed rapid getting up of temperature to 41°With and higher, falling of arteriotony, lashing consciousnesses, violations of composition of blood, cramp. Breathing to become private (to 50 - 60 in a minute) and superficial. At providing of the first aid it is necessary to take measure to cooling of organism (cool shower, bath of and other).

As a result of violation of introductory-salt balance convulsive illness can develop at a high temperature, and at the intensive direct irradiation of head -солнечный blow.

The temperature of skin, especially open areas of body goes down under act of subzero temperatures. Worsening of haptic sensitiveness and lowering of retractive ability of muscular fibres is thus marked simultaneously. There is the functional state of ЦНС at the considerable cooling of изменяяется, that stipulates weakening of algesthesia, sleepiness, decline of capacity. A drop in the temperature of separate areas of body results in

The local and common cooling of organism is reason of catarrhal diseases: quinsies, catarrhs of overhead respiratory tracts, pneumonias, neuritises, radiculitiss, миозитов of and other

Operating of temperature on an organism is determined by not only her absolute value but also amplitude of vibrations. An organism more difficult adapts to private and sharp fluctuations in a temperature. A great deal depends and from that, with what humidity and rate of movement of air combines this factor. Enhanceable humidity at subzero temperatures, increasing heat conductivity of air, strengthens his cooling properties. The return of heat especially increases with the increase of mobility of air.

Humidity. Humidity of air is stipulated by evaporation of water from the surface of seas and oceans. Vertical and horizontal ventilation assists distribution of moisture in troposphere of Earth. Relative humidity is subject to the daily allowance vibrations, that it is related foremost to the change of temperature. What higher temperature of air, the the greater amount of aquatic steams is required for his complete satiation. At subzero temperatures the less of aquatic steams is needed for a maximal satiation.

Satiations of air aquatic pairs in the conditions of subzero temperature will assist supercooling of body. It is important to know that потто separation and evaporation at the temperature of body higher 35°With are the basic ways of return of heat in an environment. It is set that at ordinary meteorological terms most relative OMC is 40 - 60%.

Rate of movement. As is generally known, air practically constantly is afoot, that it is related to the unevenness of heating of earth surface a sun. A difference in a temperature and pressure stipulates moving of the air masses. Motion of air it is accepted to characterize direction and speed. It is marked that for every locality appropriate repetition of winds is characteristic mainly one direction. For the exposure of conformity to law of directions use the special graphic size - windrose, being line of rhumbs, on that segments, corresponding on length, number and force of winds of the certain direction shown in percents in relation to their incurrence, are set aside. Knowledge of this conformity to law allows correctly to carry out and orientation of dwellings building, hospitals, pharmacies of sanatoriums, industrial enterprises of and other

The rate of movement of air is determined by the number of the meters passed to them in a second. Speed of moving of the air masses plays a substantial role the processes of heat exchange of organism. High wind sharply increases heat emission by a convection and evaporation of sweat. In hot days wind renders favourable influence on an organism, because protects him from overburning. At subzero temperatures and high humidity motion of air assists supercooling.

IV. Illustrative material:sliding seats

V. Literature:

In Russian:

7. the main:

offices. Hygiena: text book. G.I.Rumyanceva. – 2- изд., - –Мedia, 2005.

8. Hygiena: text book. U.I. Кenesariev. –Аlmaty, 2009

9. Bolshakov А.М. General Hygiena: text book. –М., 2006

10. Bolshakov А.М. General Hygiena: book, -2–М.: Мedicine, 2005.

11. Pivovarov U.P., Hygiene and bases of ecology of man: book. –М.: Меdicine, 2004.

12. Kicha D.I General Hygiena. Guidance to laboratory employments: Мedia, 2009.

Additional:

4. Кrymskaya I.G. Hygiene and bases of ecology of man: book.-Rostov Feniks, 2007

5. Тrushkina L.U. Hygiene and ecology of man: book. -4. –М.: Prospect, 2006.

6. Каtayeva В.А guidance to laboratory practical and independent employments on a general hygiene and bases of ecology man: train aid for students – М: Меdicine 2005.

4. Sharmanov Т. An iodic deficit is in Kazakhstan: the state of problem and way is a decision: Аstana, 2008.

5. Baranovski А.Y. Illnesses are violation of feed. Treatment and prophylaxis:

scitist and technology, 2007.

6. Glebova Е.В. Productive sanitation and occupational health.

Higher school, 2005.

Electronic resources:

6. General Hygiena Torgatova B.К –: 2009- Hygiena book for univer. G.I.Rumyanceva – 2 М:2009

7. Мazaev В.Т. Communal hygiene 1-2: book – Меdia, 2009

8. Reference book of dietitian, Equilibrium, 2006.

9. Кuchma В.R. Hygiene of children and teenagers: book – Меdia, 2010

10. Occupational health N.F.Izmerova – Меdia 2008

VI. Control questions:

1.\Which are hygienical value of air environment?

2. Name the physical factors of air environment.

3. Name chemical composition of air.

4. Which hygienical value of contamination of atmospheric air?

5. Name events on the guard of atmospheric air.

№3

I.ТhemeWater and factor of health. Prophylaxis of the diseases related to the water factor. Hygienical bases of water-supply.

II.Aim to acquaint students with the diseases conditioned by quality of water, and to teach to give a hygienical conclusion about quality of water on results an analysis.

III. Theses of lecture: