Differentiation and concrete definition of meaning is such a transformation which presupposes the word of a broader semantics being substituted for a word with narrower semantics.The choice of a more specific word in translation which gives a more detailed description of the idea that does the word in SL is a very common case in the English-Ukrainian translating process. English often makes use of general terms to define very definite objects and actions. It is used to render such words that have one common invariant meaning, disintegrating into several particular meanings and having different correspondences in Ukrainian. For example, the word “meal” means “any occasion of taking food” and corresponds to Ukrainian “їжа”, “сніданок”, “обід”, “вечеря”. Practically concrete definitions are always accompanied by differentiation of meaning. “it is argued here that none of these criticisms is successful ” “Тут робиться спроба довести, що жодне з зазначених критичних зауважень не є обґрунтованим ”. Ukrainian context usually differentiates the meaning of such English words with a so-called blurred semantics: thing affair, matter, piece, entity, unit, item, challenge, claim, fine, good, useful, to be, to go, to get. 44) Generalization of Meaning It is opposite to differentiation of meaning. The meaning of such words as “foot”, “leg”, ”arm”, hand” is never differentiated in Ukrainian. Their Ukrainian correspondences are the words of generalized meaning… “The American society was the ideal vehicle for industrialization” “Американське суспільство було ідеальним середовищем для проведення індустріалізації” “The first factories were driven by water” “Перші фабрики працювали на воді” Semantic (logical) development of meaning (modulation) consists in using contextual correspondences instead of dictionary ones, as a logical result of the development of their notion. Modulation involves the creation of an equivalent by replacing a unit in SL with TL unit the meaning of which can be logically deduced from it and which is just another way of referring to the same object or an aspect of the same situation. “Additional evidence comes from comparative studies of living animals and plants” “додаткові докази можна отримати через порівняльні дослідження існуючих тварин та рослин” “Only when quantum theory became available in the 20s was it possible to understand more complicated problems” 2Лише коли в 120х роках було опрацьовано квантову теорію, стало можливим розуміння складніших проблем. The substitute often has a cause –and –effect relationship with the original. 45) Semantic Development of Meaning Semantic (logical) development of meaning (modulation) consists in using contextual correspondences instead of dictionary ones, as a logical result of the development of their notion. Modulation involves the creation of an equivalent by replacing a unit in SL with TL unit the meaning of which can be logically deduced from it and which is just another way of referring to the same object or an aspect of the same situation. “Additional evidence comes from comparative studies of living animals and plants” “додаткові докази можна отримати через порівняльні дослідження існуючих тварин та рослин” “Only when quantum theory became available in the 20s was it possible to understand more complicated problems” 2Лише коли в 120х роках було опрацьовано квантову теорію, стало можливим розуміння складніших проблем. The substitute often has a cause –and –effect relationship with the original. 46) Antonymic Translation
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