SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHINGEnglish is now the international currency of science and technology. Yet it has not always been so. The renaissance of British science in the 17th century put English-language science publications such as the “Philosophical Transactions” instituted by the Royal Society 1665, at the forefront of the world scientific community. But the position was soon lost to German, which became the dominant international language of science until World War I. The growing role of the US then ensured that English became, once again, the global language of experiment and discovery. Journals in many countries have shifted, since World War II, from publishing in their national language to publishing in English. Gibbs (1995) describes how the Mexican medical journal “Archivos de Investigacion Medica” shifted to English: first publishing abstracts in English, then providing English translations of all articles, finally hiring an American editor, accepting articles only in English and changing its name to “Archives of Medical Research”. This language shift is common elsewhere. A study in the early 1980s showed nearly two-thirds of publications of French scientists were in English. All contributions in 1950 to the “Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie” were in German, but by 1984 95% were in English. The journal was renamed “Ethology” two years later.
3. Read the article and match suitable topic sentences with the paragraphs of the text. a) lawyers must be trained to understand legal agreements written in English b) lingua franca provides joint ventures with internationally recognised terms, obligations and rights c) a newly established company headquartered in any country of the world needs specialist with the skills in the local language d) joint ventures tend to use English as an international language e) importing and exporting processes of a joint venture requires English-speaking personnel f) a transnational corporation uses English for external trade
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