Russian.
Linking words and phrases (sometimes called transition words) are vital devices for essays, papers or other literary compositions. They improve the connections and transitions between sentences and paragraphs. They thus give the text a logical organization and structure so the text is easier to read and the coherence is improved.
Linking words act like bridges between parts of your writing. They link your sentences and paragraphs together smoothly so that there are no abrupt jumps or breaks between ideas. Such words and phrases indicate to the reader the order and flow of your writing and ideas. Using
transitions makes it easier for the reader to follow your ideas. They help carry over a thought from one sentence to another, from one paragraph to another, or from one idea to another.
There are several different transition signals. Some lead your reader forward through the sequence of your ideas, while others are used to clarify and emphasize your point of view, to compare or contrast facts and ideas, to illustrate them by examples or draw conclusions from
the preceding information. The following words and phrases can be used to indicate transitions and to help your reader understand the way ideas are logically connected in your writing.
| TYPE OF RELATIONSHIP
| TRANSITION SIGNALS THAT HELP IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF RELATIONSHIP
| | SEQUENCE and TIME
| first / firstly, second / secondly, third / thirdly etc., next, then, after that, at last, finally, further / furthermore, after, after a short time, afterward, before, during, of late, at that time, at the same time, immediately, gradually, formerly, while, presently, since, shortly, now, thereupon, until, temporarily, constantly
| | ADDITION
| again, and, besides, finally, further, last, moreover, equally important, also, too, furthermore, in addition/additionally / an additional…, likewise, as well as
| | CLARIFICATION and EMPHASIS
| as a matter of fact, clearly, evidently, in fact, too, obviously, in other words, of course, undoubtedly, indeed, generally, admittedly, particularly / in particular, especially, importantly
| | COMPARISON
| also, likewise, in like manner, similarly, both…and, in contrast (to) / in comparison, while, whereas, on the one hand… on the other hand, on the contrary, like, just as, just like, similar to, same as, compare / compared to / with, not only...but also
| | CONTRAST
| after all, although / even though / though, conversely, at the same time, however, but, for all that, still, in spite of, yet, nevertheless, nonetheless, in contrast, on the contrary, on the one hand, on the other hand, but, yet,
notwithstanding, despite / in spite of
| | EXAMPLE
| for example, for instance, that is (i.e), thus, including, such as, namely
| | LOCATION or SPATIAL ORDER
| above, adjacent to, below, beyond, close by, elsewhere, inside, nearby, next to, opposite, within, without
| | CAUSE / EFFECT or CONDITION / CONCLUSION
| accordingly / according to, as a result, because, then, hence, in short, consequently, thus, therefore, also, in conclusion, so, as a consequence (of), therefore, consequently, due to, for, since, as, because of, so as
| | SUMMARY and RESULT
| in brief, in conclusion, in short, to sum up, on the whole, to summarize, as a result, therefore, thus, hence
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